Language Change

1. Mechanism of Language Change

1.1. Sound Change

1.1.1. Conditioned Sound Change

1.1.2. Unconditioned Sound Change

1.1.2.1. Great Vowel Shift

1.1.3. Chain Shifts

1.1.3.1. Push Cahin

1.1.3.2. Pull Chain

1.1.3.3. Relative Chronology

1.1.3.4. Compensatory lengthening

1.1.4. Mergers and Splits

1.1.4.1. Merger

1.1.4.2. Split

1.1.4.3. Latin Rhotacism

1.1.5. Processes of Sound Change

1.1.5.1. Assimilation

1.1.5.2. Dissimilation

1.1.5.3. Deletion

1.2. Borrowing

1.3. Analogical Creation

2. Causes of Language Change

2.1. Articulatory Simplification

2.2. Regularization

2.3. Language Contact

2.3.1. Borrowing

2.3.2. Loan Words

3. Kinds of Language Change

3.1. Phonological Change

3.1.1. Allophonic Change

3.1.2. Umlaut

3.2. Morphological Change

3.2.1. Syntatic Change

3.2.2. Semantic Change

3.2.2.1. Broadening

3.2.2.2. Metonymy

3.2.2.3. Narrowing

3.2.2.4. Pejoration

3.2.2.5. Amelioration

3.2.2.6. Metaphor

3.2.2.7. Ellipsis