1. Sentence
1.1. Definition:
1.1.1. A single words put together by the grammatical rules of a language
1.1.2. A grammatically complete string of words expressing a complete thought
1.1.3. Both spoken and written
1.2. Properties
1.2.1. Neither a physical event, nor a physical object
1.2.1.1. No time
1.2.1.2. No place
1.2.1.3. Cannot be loud or slow
1.2.1.4. Cannot be particular accenct
1.2.2. Linguistic
1.2.2.1. Can be grammatical or not
1.2.2.2. Can be in particular language
1.2.3. Can be true or flase
1.2.4. Can be realized by different utterance
1.2.5. Convention: italicized
2. Proposion
2.1. Definition:
2.1.1. A proposition is that part of meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some state of affairs (persons or things).
2.1.2. Can be expressed in different types of sentences
2.1.2.1. Declarative: assert the proposition
2.1.2.2. Interrogative: question the truth of the proposition
2.1.2.3. Imperative: demand the implementation of the proposition
2.2. Properties
2.2.1. Abstract
2.2.1.1. Not physical
2.2.1.1.1. No time
2.2.1.1.2. No place
2.2.1.1.3. Cannot be loud or slow
2.2.1.1.4. Cannot be in particular accent
2.2.1.2. Not linguistic
2.2.1.2.1. Cannot be grammatical or not
2.2.1.2.2. Does not belong to any particular language
2.2.1.3. Can be entertained in the mind. Can be true or false
3. Reference
3.1. Definition: Reference is the relationship between parts of a language and things outside the language in the world. Deals with relationships between language and the world
3.2. Many expressions in a language can have variable reference
3.3. Constant reference: only one referent for an expression
4. The study: of meaning in language
4.1. Proper: Meaning
4.1.1. To convey: SPEAKER MEANING
4.1.1.1. When he uses a piece of language
4.1.1.2. Is what a speaker means
4.1.2. It is fundamental: SENTEMCE MEANING
4.1.2.1. what it counts as the equivalent of in the language concerned
4.1.2.2. Is what a sentence or word means
5. Utterance
5.1. Definition: is any stretch of talk (spoken rather than written), before and after which there is silence on the part of that person.
5.2. Properties of utterance
5.2.1. Physical event
5.2.1.1. Time
5.2.1.2. Place
5.2.1.3. Language
5.2.1.4. Speaker
5.2.1.5. Can be loud or slow
5.2.1.6. Can be in particular accent
5.2.2. Linguistic
5.2.2.1. Can be grammatical or not
5.2.2.2. Can be in particular language
5.2.3. Can be true or not
5.3. The use
5.3.1. By particular speaker
5.3.2. On a particular occasion
5.3.3. Of a piece of language
5.3.3.1. a sequence of sentences
5.3.3.2. single phrase/ word