1. CLONAL EXPANSION
2. Adaptive Immunity
2.1. cells
2.1.1. Humoral cells "fights intracellular pathogens"
2.1.1.1. B lymphocytes (CD43+) Has BCR Receptors (IgD-IgM)
2.1.1.1.1. converted into
2.1.2. Cell mediated specific cells"Fights extracellular pathogens"
2.1.2.1. TH2 (CD4) help lymphocytes to produce antibodies and phagocyte to destroy the ingested microbe
2.1.2.1.1. IL-5 release for the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
2.1.2.2. T Regulatory ( to prevent or limit the immune response)
2.1.2.3. TH1 (CD4)
2.1.2.3.1. release IFN-GAMMA and to activate T cytotoxic
2.1.2.4. T cytotoxic (CD8+) kill cells harboring intracellular microbe and activate macrophages
2.1.2.4.1. Releases cytotoxins, such as granzyme and perforin
2.2. Cells Maturation
2.2.1. Production From Bone Marrow
2.2.1.1. B lymphocyte
2.2.1.1.1. Maturation
2.2.1.2. T lymphocytes
2.2.1.2.1. Maturation
2.3. Cells Differentiation
2.3.1. NAIVE B or T CELLS -cant perform a function
2.3.1.1. Can be differentiate into
2.3.1.1.1. Effector cells ---has the ability to produce molecules to eliminate the pathogens.
2.3.1.1.2. Memory cells
2.4. Humoral Immunity
2.4.1. 1- Free Antigen recognition by Naive B cells (IgM+,IgD+)
2.4.1.1. Activated B cells and intracellular activation (CD3+)
2.4.1.1.1. Proliferation of B cells
2.4.1.2. Helper T cells provide another stimuli by secreting cytokines ( IL-4)
2.5. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
2.5.1. 1-Macrophages come with MHC-II Molecules on their cell membrane bind with the antigen
2.5.1.1. IL-1
2.5.1.1.1. TH2 CELLS 1ST stimulation by binding
2.5.1.1.2. TH2 Co-stimulation by binding
2.5.1.2. IL-12
2.5.1.2.1. TH-1 Activation
3. IL-2 From TH2 for intracellular signaling
3.1. IL-4 release
3.1.1. PROLIFERATION OF TH2 CELL
3.1.1.1. IL-5/6 release
4. Cells Lysis
5. C3 Convertase (C4bC2a)
5.1. C3
5.1.1. C5 Covertase ( C3a+ C4bC2bC3b)
6. C5b+C6+C7+C8+C9
6.1. C5bC9- Membrane Attack Complex
6.1.1. Lytic Pathway
7. C5a
7.1. Anaphylatoxin,Activates Mast Cells,Chemotactic
8. Innate Immunity
8.1. components
8.1.1. cells
8.1.1.1. Neutophils
8.1.1.1.1. Phagocytosis
8.1.1.1.2. Activation of the bacterial activity
8.1.1.2. Dendritic Cells
8.1.1.2.1. Antigen Uptake in the periphery
8.1.1.2.2. Antigen Presentation
8.1.1.2.3. Antigen presentation
8.1.1.3. Natural Killer Cells:
8.1.1.3.1. Releases lytic granules to kill virus infected cells
8.1.1.4. Macrophage
8.1.1.4.1. Phagocytosis
8.1.1.4.2. Activation of bactericidal Activity
8.1.1.4.3. Antigen Presentation
8.1.1.5. Myeloid Cells ( Eosinophils,basophils,Mast Cells)
8.1.1.5.1. Kill Antibody-Coated Parasites
8.1.1.5.2. Releases histamines granules and other pro-inflammatory mediators
8.1.2. Barriers (Anatomical)
8.1.2.1. physical barrier
8.1.2.1.1. skin
8.1.2.2. chemical barrier
8.1.2.2.1. oral cavity
8.1.2.2.2. stomach
8.1.2.2.3. mucosal lining of the GIT, respiratory and reproductive tract
8.1.2.3. Biological factor
8.1.2.3.1. Metabolic function
8.1.2.3.2. Stimulate immune system providing “exercise”,thereby enhancing it's functions
8.1.2.3.3. competition with invading microbes (space &nutrients)
8.1.2.3.4. produce compounds that are toxic to pathogenic bacteria
8.1.3. Proteins with antimicrobial activity
8.1.3.1. Complement
8.1.3.2. Coagulation system
8.1.3.3. Lactoferrin & transferrin
8.1.3.4. PAMPS
8.1.3.4.1. Shared structures by microbes
8.1.3.5. Lysosome
8.1.3.6. Cytokines
8.2. Microbial Pattern Recognition
8.2.1. DAMPS
8.2.1.1. Shared structures by necrotic cells
8.2.1.2. TNF-α/IL-1/IL-6/IL-10,IL-13/IL-12/Interferon (α and β)/Chemokines
8.3. Functions of innate immunity
8.3.1. Prevent pathogens from entering the body
8.3.2. Destroy pathogens immediately if they enter the body
8.3.3. Dose not have a rule in infections response
9. Interaction between Innate and Adaptive Immunity
9.1. Antibodies: 1-opsonization(IgG) 2-Mucosal Immunity (IgA) 3- Neonatal Immunity
9.1.1. AKA immunoglobulins: Y-shaped proteins produced by immune system to help stop invaders from harming the body.
9.1.1.1. binds to Antigen:invaders: bacteria,viruses,other ,toxins or other foreign bodies
9.1.1.1.1. 1.Neutralization ( blocking viral binding sites;coats bacteria
9.1.1.1.2. 2. Agglutination of microbes
9.1.1.1.3. 3.Precipitation of dissolved antigens
9.1.1.1.4. 4. Activation of Complement system
9.1.2. IgG: highest opsonization and neutralization activities./secreted by plasma cells in blood/ Four subclasses:IgG1,IgG2,IgG3,IgG4
9.1.3. Types:
9.1.3.1. IgD: Part of B cell Receptor/activates basophils and Mast cells
9.1.3.2. IgM: Produced first upon invasion/may be attached to the surface of Bcell or secreted into blood/increases transiently
9.1.3.3. IgA: expressed in mucosal tissues/Protects against pathogens /forms dimers after secretions
9.1.3.4. IgE: protects against parasitic worms and responisble for allergic reactions .
9.2. Complement System
9.2.1. Classical Pathway
9.2.1.1. Binding of C1q to Antigen-Antibody Complexes
9.2.1.1.1. C1 activation
9.2.2. Manose Binding Lectin Pathway
9.2.2.1. Carb based PAMP recognition by MBL or ficolins
9.2.2.1.1. MASP-1+MASP-2 activation
9.2.3. Alternate Pathway
9.2.3.1. Microbial Surfaces/Spontaneous Hydrolysis
9.2.3.1.1. C3(H20) +Factor B + Factor D
9.2.4. Functions of Complement System
9.2.4.1. Opsonization
9.2.4.2. Leukocyte Recruitment
9.2.4.3. Destruction of Microbes
9.2.4.4. Clearance of Immune Complexes
9.3. T Cells
9.3.1. T-HELPER 1
9.3.1.1. IFN-GAMMA,classical activation(e.g.chronic Inflammation)
9.3.1.1.1. M1
9.3.2. T-HELPER 2
9.3.2.1. IL-5,Induce isotype switching
9.3.2.1.1. Naive B-cell
9.3.2.2. IL-4/3 for alternative activation (eg. Tissue repair , stops inflammation
9.3.2.2.1. M2
9.3.3. T-HELPER 17
9.3.3.1. IL-17/22