1. Criminological Perspectives
1.1. Source One
1.1.1. Feminist routine activities theory
1.1.1.1. The amount and location of crime are affected by the presence of likely offenders, the absence of effective guardians, and the availability of suitable targets (Schwartz, DeKeseredy, Tait, and Alvi, 2001)
1.1.2. Interactionist approach
1.1.2.1. Explain acts of violence as individual interpersonal conflict and commonly as an individual's desire to coerce others into desired behaviour (Schwartz, DeKeseredy, Tait, and Alvi, 2001)
1.1.2.2. Simply assumes that such persons exist and that they commit crimes in certain places and times at which the opportunities and potential victims are available (Schwartz, DeKeseredy, Tait, and Alvi, 2001)
1.1.2.2.1. Proximity to crime
1.1.3. Macro-level approaches
1.2. Source Two
1.2.1. A mixed-methods approach
1.2.1.1. multiple sources of data and multi-modal data
1.2.1.2. Survey conducted with one broad multiple-choice question to asses if the student had experienced any unwanted sexual conduct
1.2.1.3. total of 138 responses were excluded
1.2.1.4. Data saturation was achieved
2. Situations/Environments
2.1. Source One
2.1.1. Hot Spots
2.1.1.1. Some locations are more likely than others to become crime scenes
2.1.1.2. Female students' proximity to campuses can be viewed as placing them into contact with likely offenders
2.1.2. Suitable Targets
2.1.2.1. Abound in the number of women who voluntarily ingest large amounts of alcohol or drugs on campus
2.1.3. Frats
2.1.3.1. Men who belong to these patriarchal, homosocial networks are more likely to be motivated to sexually abuse women
2.2. Source Two
2.2.1. Greek life and unaffiliated fraternities were identified as places where sexual assault/harassment occurs
2.2.2. Perpetrators where also identified as white male offenders within administration
2.3. Source Three
2.3.1. Fraternities foster a macho 'bro' culture that encourages binge drinking, misogynistic attitudes, and pack mentality
2.3.1.1. Works to keep sexual assault under wraps
2.3.1.2. Sexual assaults compromise the second highest number of claims against fraternities
3. Defining the Problem
3.1. Source One
3.1.1. Women's greatest risk of assault it from their intimates, particularly male partners
3.1.2. Experiences range from coercion(unwanted sex play due to a male's pressure, position of authority, or force; unwanted intercourse due to verbal pressure) to rape
3.1.3. A strong urge for women to provide self-guardianship by staying home, never going out, avoiding public transport, and never trusting strangers
3.1.4. Lifestyle factors
3.1.4.1. Statistically more likely to go out drinking more often
3.1.4.2. More likely to report that they have male friends who they knew tried to get women drunk in order to victimise them sexually
3.1.4.3. Convergence of likely offenders and suitable targets
3.1.5. Rape supportive culture
3.1.5.1. Refers to the messages and excuses that exist within society which allow sexually aggressive men to claim that they are not rapists and that their actions do not constitute rape
3.1.5.2. Can be viewed as giving men some of the social support they need to victimise women
3.1.5.3. Society may train women to blame themselves for being forcible rape victims
3.1.6. Definitions
3.1.6.1. Coercion
3.1.6.1.1. refers to unwanted sex play due to the use of force or threat of force of emotional manipulation
3.1.6.2. Attempted Rape
3.1.6.2.1. includes attempted unwanted sexual intercourse due to the man's use of threat of force
3.1.6.3. Rape
3.1.6.3.1. includes all female victims and male offenders in events in which the woman has unwanted sexual intercourse
3.2. Source Two
3.2.1. Only a small number of colleges actually survey their students to assess the prevalence of sexual violence at their institution
3.2.2. limited evidence on prevalence rates of sexual offenses on college campus or campus-specific prevalence rates
3.2.3. the cost of an individual inquiry costs six figures or more, and a potential lawsuit would be millions more.
3.2.3.1. which provides little motivation to increase reporting and bring the issue of assault to light
3.2.4. 10% of less incidents of sexual harassment or assault were reported
3.2.5. Do not know where to report or whom to report to
3.2.6. Victims lives were turned upside down and the system left them woefully underserved while the perpetrators were seldom punished
3.3. Source Three
3.3.1. Campus assaults keep happening because no-one is stopping them: Perpetrators do because they can
3.3.2. Victim blaming is common
3.3.2.1. accusations are ignored, stalled or punishment is a 'slap on the wrist'
3.3.2.2. small fines or writing a paper
3.3.3. Lack of investigations
3.3.3.1. More than 21% of America's largest institutions conducted fewer investigations than the number of incidents reported
3.3.4. Annual cost per student is $60,000+ USD a year
3.3.4.1. Sexual assault - a public relations nightmare
3.3.4.2. Administrators first job is to protect the institution and not the student
4. Misconceptions
4.1. Source One
4.1.1. Women have more 'capable guardians'
4.1.2. Criminogenic convergences
4.1.2.1. There are male students who are motivated to assault women sexually because there are available female targets and no capable guardians to intervene
4.1.2.2. "Working a YES out"
4.2. Source Two
4.2.1. Rape-hoax culture: lying about rape for attention or revenge
5. Campus Security/Policing
5.1. Source One
5.1.1. The lack of effective deterrence on most campuses is tantamount to an absence of effective guardians
5.1.2. Deeply sexist nature of police organisational cultures allow the men, who are meant to be protectors, develop deep-rooted patterns of victimising
5.1.3. Absence of capable guardians
5.1.4. Criminal justice personnel often disregard acquaintance and/or date rapes - which basically tells men that their sexually aggressive behaviour is acceptable
5.2. Source Two
5.2.1. The University Police Department and the Clery Compliance Coordinator at the campus provided logs of reported incidents as part of the mixed-methods approach. With data from 2013-2017
5.2.2. campus climate surveys could be a faculty-driven effort rather than driven by administration. If it is faculty led and designed then the results can be anonymous and can be shared without censorship or fear
5.2.2.1. Periodic re-administration of the survey can be attempted to ensure the improvements made are actually reflected in improved campus climate
6. The Statistics
6.1. Source One
6.1.1. 41% of female undergraduate students report experience different kinds of sexual assaults
6.1.2. 19.5% of the males reported having victimised a female dating partner
6.1.3. Sexual assault victimisation rates of 30 per 1,000
6.1.4. Athletes have little to worry about when they are arrested for sex crimes
6.1.5. 23% of women believed they were completely to blame for being a victim of sexual assault
6.1.6. 27% of women believed that they and the perpetrator were equally to blame
6.2. Source Two
6.2.1. 19% of females experience sexual assault or an attempted sexual assault, with 3.7% experiencing the same
6.2.2. 1 in 5 women are victims
6.2.3. Hysteria
6.2.3.1. only 310 of every 1000 rapes are reported to the police
6.2.4. 4.4 college women per thousand experienced attempted rape, forcible rape, and sexual assault other than rape
6.2.5. Response Rate
6.2.5.1. 28.6% or 2511/8770 responses
6.2.5.2. Undergraduates = 29.0% or 2285/7874
6.2.5.3. Graduates = 24.6% or 220/896
6.2.5.4. Majority of the participants were female aged 20-22
6.2.5.5. Most identified them as 'white alone' (69%)
6.2.5.6. 13% of the participants identified as LGBTQ+, 3% as veterans, and 2% disabled
6.2.6. Results
6.2.6.1. 178 said yes to experiencing sexual assault (7.1%)
6.2.6.2. significantly higher prevalence of such experience was reported among students who identified as non-binary or other gender identity (27%)
6.2.6.2.1. often reported feeling responsible somehow and worried about their grades
6.2.6.3. 9% female victims and 3% male
6.2.6.4. Total of 18 reported sex offences in 2017
6.2.6.5. Harassment reported 30 times in 2014, 22 in 2015, 24 in 2017, and 26 in 2017 for a grand total of 102 incidents
6.2.6.6. Most frequent perpetrators were students (83%)
6.2.6.7. 195 or 8.5% considered leaving the institution for feeling unsafe
6.2.6.8. Less that a quarter (23.3%) of those who reported a sexual assault/harassment experience to authorities were satisfied with the resolution
6.3. Source Three
6.3.1. More than 20% of women and more than 5% of men who attend college are sexually assaulted
6.3.2. 4% of athletes commit 19% of sexual assaults on campus
6.3.3. Less that one-third of students found guilty of campus sexual assault are expelled
6.3.4. More students are expelled for cheating than for sexual violence
6.3.5. 26% of rapes reported to police lead to arrest
6.3.6. 88% of women rapes on campus do not report the assault
6.3.7. 1 in 5 women are assaulted
7. Ways of Improving
7.1. Source One
7.1.1. Target Hardening
7.1.1.1. hotline phones, escort patrols, better locks, parking lot and path lighting, and the removal of trees and bushes behind which a rapist could hide
7.1.2. Informal social control
7.1.3. Man to Man About Rape
7.1.4. Fraternity Violence Education Project
7.1.5. White Ribbon Campaign
7.2. Source Two
7.2.1. Title IX regulations
7.2.2. Campus climate surveys
7.2.2.1. can provide indicators of improvement by measuring changes at a campus over time
7.2.2.2. can serve to better tailor prevention and response efforts
7.2.3. Students identified the need for paying increased attention to gender and sexual-identity-based assaults and safety concerns
7.2.4. Police and other departments can share some of the results of resolutions directly with the student who lodged the complaint. as well as provide periodic information on resolutions to the university and local community in general
7.2.5. identify how students and the campus community can be apprised of actions taken by administration to assure that the complaints have been heard and taken seriously
7.3. Source Three
7.3.1. Faculty Against Rape (FAR)
7.3.2. Increase in demonstrations - mattress protests
8. The Hunting Ground - Stories
8.1. Homosexual Male Victim
8.1.1. Spring semester after recent break-up
8.1.2. Party at an upper-class dorm
8.1.3. Was left alone and approached by an older male who became aggressive and sexually assaulted the unnamed victim
8.1.4. Victim felt embarrassed and intimidated
8.1.5. Victim said it felt like a bad hookup because he was taught that assault happens to women, not men
8.1.6. He never reported
8.1.7. Iconic status and exclusivity of the college discourages reporting
8.1.8. Males are more reluctant to report assaults
8.1.9. Homosexual males often feel ashamed or feel complicit if they experience arousal, even though it's a normal physiological response
8.1.10. To admit assault is almost like stripping self of the stereotypical ideal of manhood or masculinity
8.2. AP Student
8.2.1. Party in third week of classes which was a a frat house on campus
8.2.2. Male student approached her and led her away from her friends
8.2.3. enjoyed the attention at first as she wasn't experienced with male attention
8.2.4. handed her drink after drink
8.2.5. Led her outside, pinned her to a wall and assaulted her
8.2.6. Friend found her a while later and helped her get away, but he followed them back to their dorm and wouldn't leave them alone
8.2.7. Tried to belittle and humiliate her
8.2.8. Told his frat brothers that she was obsessively pursuing him and the frat house created a derisive nickname for her and made fun of him for 'hooking' up with her because they found her unattractive
8.2.9. Found out he has assaulted others and so she reported the assault
8.2.10. Frats protect brothers are all costs
8.2.11. Joined Title IX
8.2.12. Chalking campaign
8.3. Gender Queer (Them/They)
8.3.1. Student at Ivy League college
8.3.2. Was assaulted by a woman after coming out as LGBTQ+
8.3.3. At a frat party, them and their attacker were casual friends and she kept giving them drinks
8.3.4. Attacker to them back to their room and assaulted them
8.3.5. Didn't report because of complications with being LGBTQ+ and attacker was a gay woman of colour
8.3.6. Word around campus was that administrators typically did little to address reports
8.3.7. Campus assault survivors who have gone public have been mainly white and hetero, higher rates of sexual violence happens to minorities and LGBTQ+
8.3.8. Minorities are twice as likely to be assaulted and less likely to report
8.4. Half Hispanic with Rough Childhood
8.4.1. Received a scholarship for university
8.4.2. Took a drink from a woman she didn't know
8.4.3. She woke up barely conscious in a strange and dark room, believes she was drugged
8.4.4. Her hands were cuffed and she was repeatedly raped by a man
8.4.5. A friend found her at 3am and called the police who preceded to take evidence of the assault
8.4.6. Investigation concluded that the attacker reasonably believed that he has consent and so no files were charged and no punishment was carried out
8.4.7. Sued the university under Title IX