1. 3. Theories and Principles of Translation
1.1. Theories
1.1.1. Translation is the super ordinate term for converting the meaning of any utterance of any source language to the target language. (Newmark, 1988: 32)
1.1.2. To translate is to change a text from one state or form to another, or to turn a text into one’s own or another language. (Merriam Webster Dictionary, 1989: 1)
1.1.3. An operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another. (Catford, 1965: 1)
1.2. Principles
1.2.1. Meaning:
1.2.2. The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text.
1.2.3. Form:
1.2.4. The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match the original as closely as possible.
1.2.5. Register:
1.2.6. The translator must distinguish between formal or fixed expressions and personal expressions, in which the writer or speaker sets the tone.
1.2.7. Source language influence:
1.2.8. One of the most a good way of shaking off the source language influence is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences aloud, from memory.
1.2.9. Style and clarity:
1.2.10. The translator should not change the style of the original.
1.2.11. Style and clarity:
1.2.12. The translator should not change the style of the original.
1.2.13. Idiom:
1.2.14. Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. These include similes, metaphors, proverbs and sayings, jargon, slang, and colloquialisms and (in English) phrasal verbs.
2. 4. How does "Translation" relate to Islamic history?
2.1. The 2nd century (Syrian civilization)
2.1.1. The uniqueness of Syirian civilization in translation Syrian language Arabic.
2.2. 7th century (The Prophet era) The era Islamic litterature
2.2.1. Big increase of translation. The Prophet sent Zaid Ibnu Thabet to be translator to separate the Prophet's message.
2.3. 8th century (The Islamicc golden age)
2.3.1. The development and advanced education in Baghdad.
2.3.2. Built the Baitul Hikma (The famous library in Baghdad)
3. References
3.1. http://qutranslation.weebly.com/principles-of-translation.
3.2. http://pendidikan/Translation+Theory.
3.2.1. Catford, J. C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
3.2.2. Duff, Allan. (1989). Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
3.2.3. Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall International.
3.3. https://translationjournal.net/October-2017/definition-of-translat
4. 1. Definitions of translation
4.1. Translation is the communication of meaning from one language to another language but retaining the original of meaning
5. 2. Types of translations
5.1. Basic or General Translation
5.1.1. The source text is usually non-technical and in simpler vocabulary.
5.2. Legal Translation
5.2.1. The translators must have a deep knowledge and understanding of legal terms in both a native language and the target language.
5.3. Medical, Scientific Research
5.3.1. Today, medical and scientific research has a global reach and studies are translated in a wide variety of languages.
5.4. Localization
5.4.1. The localization is very difficult for translation because in each country they have a specific word.
5.5. Commercial/Financial Translations
5.5.1. The translators have to use general vocabulary to translate for prevent mis-understandings.
5.6. Literary Translation
5.6.1. The same meaning and connotations are transferred to the target audience readers such as novels and poetry.