1. Transition: Medieval to Renaissance
1.1. The Decline of the Church
1.1.1. concept - simony: the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.
1.1.2. concept - indulgences: the action or fact of indulging
2. The Arts in Transition
2.1. Christine de Pisan
2.1.1. concept - feminism: the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.
2.2. Giotto's New Realism
2.2.1. concept - chiaroscuro: modeling form through gradations of light and shade
2.3. The Ars Nova in Music
2.3.1. concept - ars nova: "new art" the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.
2.3.2. concept - isorhythm: "same rhythm" is a musical technique using a repeating rhythmic pattern, called a talea, in at least one voice part throughout a composition.
2.3.3. concept - syncopation: a musical term meaning a variety of rhythms played simultaneously in a musical texture, making part or all of the composition off-beat.
2.3.4. concept - ballades: a literary ballad, a narrative poem, in the musical tradition of the Lied, or to a one-movement instrumental piece with lyrical and dramatic narrative qualities reminiscent of such a song setting, especially a piano ballade.
3. Sixteenth-Century Literature
3.1. Montaigne
3.1.1. concept - essay: a short piece of expository prose that examines a single subject or idea.
3.2. Shakespeare
3.2.1. concept - quatrains: four line stanzas; a stanza of four lines, especially one having alternate rhymes.
3.2.2. concept - couplet: two successive lines of verse with similar end rhymes; two lines of verse, usually in the same meter and joined by rhyme, that form a unit.
3.3. Shakespeare's Plays
3.3.1. concept - blank verse: verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter.
4. Northern Art
4.1. Bosch
4.1.1. concept - triptych: three part painting; a picture or relief carving on three panels, typically hinged together side by side and used as an altarpiece.
4.2. The Protestant Reformation and Printmaking
4.2.1. concept - woodcut: a print of a type made from a design cut in a block of wood, formerly widely used for illustrations in books.
4.2.2. concept - engraving: a print made from an engraved plate, block, or other surface; the process or art of cutting or carving a design on a hard surface, especially so as to make a print.
4.3. Cranach and Holbein
4.3.1. concept - camera lucida: an instrument in which rays of light are reflected by a prism to produce on a sheet of paper an image, from which a drawing can be made.
4.4. Bruegel
4.4.1. concept - genre paintings: a form of genre art, depicts aspects of everyday life by portraying ordinary people engaged in common activities.
5. Northern Music
5.1. Music and Reformation
5.1.1. concept - chorale: a musical composition (or part of one) consisting of or resembling a harmonized version of a simple, stately hymn tune.
6. The Italian Renaissance
6.1. concept - condottieri: professional soldiers; a leader or member of a troop of mercenaries
7. Renaissance Humanism
7.1. Petrarch: "Father of Humanism"
7.1.1. concept - sonnet: a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line.
8. Early Renaissance Art
8.1. Early Renaissance Architecture
8.1.1. concept - drum: the circular vertical wall supporting a dome; a stone block forming part of a column.
8.1.2. concept - lantern: a square, curved, or polygonal structure on the top of a dome or a room, with the sides glazed or open so as to admit light.
8.1.3. concept - pilasters: shallow, flattened, rectangular columns that adhere to the wall surface -- emphasize the "seams" between the individual segments of the stark white interior producing a sense of order and harmony that is unsurpassed in Early Renaissance architecture.
8.2. Early Renaissance Painting
8.2.1. concept - picture plane: in perspective, the imaginary plane corresponding to the surface of a picture, perpendicular to the viewer's line of sight.
8.2.2. concept - linear: consisting of or predominantly formed using lines or outlines.
8.2.3. concept - one-point perspective: a straight-on view with only one vanishing point. Parallel lines converge on one point in the distance to a single vanishing point. ... The lines almost appear to disappear in the distance.
8.2.4. concept - aerial perspective: the technique of representing more distant objects as fainter and more blue.
9. Renaissance Music
9.1. The Madrigal
9.1.1. concept - madrigal: a part-song for several voices, especially one of the Renaissance period, typically arranged in elaborate counterpoint and without instrumental accompaniment. Originally used of a genre of 14th-century Italian songs, the term now usually refers to English or Italian songs of the late 16th and early 17th c., in a free style strongly influenced by the text.