1. Strategies
1.1. fermentation
1.1.1. tryp & lysine
1.1.2. improve AA
1.1.3. tempeh
1.1.3.1. partially cooked with Rhizophus moulds
1.1.3.2. 6.0mg niacin/g tempeh
1.2. germination
1.2.1. 3X niacin in sprouts
1.2.2. sprouting by soaking in water
1.2.3. stimulate metabolic activity
1.2.3.1. synthesis of
1.2.3.1.1. niacin
1.2.3.1.2. riboflavin
1.2.3.1.3. vit C
1.3. fortification
1.3.1. to replace lossess
1.3.2. ensure nutritional equivalance in substitute food
1.3.3. provide balance intake of micronutrients
2. Tryptophan
2.1. in adequate
2.1.1. niacin bcm essential
2.2. 60mg tryp=1mg niacin
2.3. mg niacin= preformed niacin + 160 tryp
3. metabolism
3.1. Digestion&absorption
3.1.1. intestinal lumen
3.1.1.1. nicotinamide nucleotide -> nicotinamide
3.1.1.2. nicotinamide -> nicotinic acid
3.1.2. nicotinic acid & nicotinamide
3.1.2.1. absorbed by
3.1.2.1.1. sodium-dependent saturable process
3.2. niacin in cereal
3.2.1. bound as niacytin-nicotinoyl esters
3.2.2. niacin in niacytin available bcs of hydrolysis by gastric acid
3.2.3. cereal with alkali release more nicotinic acid
3.3. synthesis of nicotinamide nucleotide coenzyme
3.3.1. direct
3.3.1.1. NA->NAM->NAAD->NAD
3.3.2. indirect
3.3.2.1. Nicotinamide->NA->NAM->NAAD->NAD
3.4. catabolism of NAD(P)
3.4.1. NAD pyrophosphatase
3.4.1.1. release nicotinamide mononucleotide
3.4.2. NAD glycohydrolase
3.4.2.1. release nicotinamide mononucleotide & ADP-ribose
3.4.3. ADP-ribosyltransferase
3.4.3.1. catalyze ADP-ribosylation & release nicotinamide
3.4.4. Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase
3.4.4.1. catalyze poly-ADP ribosylation & release nicotinamide
3.5. Urinary excretion
3.5.1. little or No
3.6. Synthesis NAD(P)
3.6.1. from TRYP
3.6.1.1. quinolinic acid
3.7. Vitamers
3.7.1. Nicotinic acid
3.7.2. Nicotinamide
3.7.3. NAD
4. History
4.1. 1987: oxidation of nicotine-nicotic acid
4.2. 1935: NADP
4.3. Nicotinamide and tryptophan (tryp) synthesized nicotinamide nucleotide coenzyme
4.3.1. NAD
4.3.2. NADP
5. Sources
5.1. wheat
5.1.1. bran
5.1.2. germ
5.1.3. in milling & processing cereals
6. Pellagra
6.1. bcs of
6.1.1. lack in niacin/tryp
6.2. photosensetive dermaitits
6.2.1. severe sunburn