1. contain ribosomes
1.1. structures making proteins
1.2. cell membrane/plasma membrane
1.2.1. boundary between cell and environment
1.2.1.1. encloses cytoplasm
1.2.1.2. cytoplasm
1.2.1.2.1. contains all cell contents excluding the nucleus
2. LIFE
2.1. Eukaryotes
2.1.1. contain nucleus
2.1.1.1. organelles
2.2. prokaryotes
2.2.1. simple
2.2.1.1. ancient
2.2.1.1.1. lacking nucleus
3. LIFES THREE DOMAINS
3.1. bacteria
3.1.1. abundant
3.1.1.1. diverse
3.1.1.1.1. been around the longest
3.1.1.1.2. Streptococcus and Escherichia coli
3.1.2. bacterial cells
3.1.2.1. nucleoid
3.1.2.1.1. contains cells' DNA
3.1.3. cell wall
3.1.3.1. rigid
3.1.3.1.1. surrounds cell membrane
3.1.4. flagella
3.1.4.1. tail-like appendages
3.1.4.1.1. enable movement of these cells
3.2. eukarya
3.2.1. membrane bounded
3.2.1.1. VERY LARGE CELLS
3.2.1.1.1. cytoplasm is divided into organelles
3.2.1.1.2. these organelles carry out specialized functions
3.2.2. internal membranes enclose the organelles
3.2.3. human domain
3.2.4. phospholipids
3.2.4.1. glycerol bonds to 2 fatty acids
3.2.4.1.1. third carbon binds to a phosphate group attached to additional atoms
3.2.5. endoplasmic reticulum
3.2.5.1. network of sacs and tubules
3.2.5.1.1. complex
3.2.6. chloroplasts
3.2.6.1. where photosynthesis occurs
3.2.6.2. stroma
3.2.6.2.1. enzyme-rich fluid enclosed by 2 outer membrane layers
3.2.6.3. PLACIDS
3.2.6.3.1. Some plastids synthesize lipid-soluble red, orange, and yellow carotenoid pigments, such as those found in carrots and ripe tomatoes
3.2.7. similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts
3.2.7.1. have DNA and ribosomes
3.2.7.1.1. surrounded by double membranes
3.2.8. MITOCHONDRIA
3.2.8.1. most all (besides some protists) eukarya have a mitochondria
3.2.8.2. cellular respiration
3.2.8.2.1. extracts energy from food needed for:
3.2.8.2.2. Growth, cell division, protein production, secretion, and many chemical reactions in the cytoplasm
3.2.8.3. has 2 membrane layers
3.2.8.3.1. outer
3.2.8.3.2. inner
3.2.9. All eukaryotic cells contain peroxisomes
3.2.9.1. PEROXISOMES
3.2.9.1.1. contain enzymes that get rid of toxic things
3.3. archaea
3.3.1. like bacteria
3.3.1.1. smaller that eukarya
3.3.1.1.1. lack nucleus and organelles
3.3.2. unlike bacteria
3.3.2.1. build their own cells out of biochemicals, different from eukaryotes and bacteria
3.3.2.1.1. evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes
4. most of our cells are nonhuman!?
4.1. there is 10x more bacteria in your body than cells!
5. CELL MEMBRANE
5.1. common to ALL cells!
5.1.1. transports things into and out of the cell
5.1.1.1. receives and responds to external stimuli
5.2. endomembrane system
5.2.1. has several organelles connected by vesicles that transport things into the cell (can pinch off travel)
5.2.1.1. nuclear envelope
5.2.1.2. endoplasmic reticulum
5.2.1.3. Golgi apparatus
5.2.1.4. lysosomes
5.2.1.5. vacuoles
5.2.1.6. cell membrane
5.3. plasma membranes keep cytoplasm from the outside
5.4. plasma
6. the nucleus
6.1. milk production and secretion begins here (the organelle that contains most of a eukaryotic cell’s DNA)
6.1.1. DNA's function is to create the recipe for protein cells to make it
6.2. cell copies the genes encoding these proteins into another nucleic acid, messenger RNA
6.2.1. mRNA exit nucleus thru nucleus pores
6.2.1.1. nuclear pores are holes in the double-membrane nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
6.2.1.1.1. nuclear pores are busy, specialized channels
6.3. nucleolous
6.3.1. dense
6.3.1.1. resembles chromosomes
6.3.1.1.1. leave nucleus thru nuclear pores
6.4. cytoskeleton
6.4.1. protein rods and tubules
6.4.2. many functions
6.4.2.1. transportation system
6.4.2.1.1. physical support to keep cells 3d shape
7. cell theory
7.1. important to all life
7.2. all organisms have 1 or more
7.3. Virchow said cells come from preexisting cells
8. microscopes
8.1. light microscopes
8.1.1. need light passing thru object
8.1.2. true color of living/preserved cells
8.2. transmission and scanning electron microscopes
9. PLANT CELLS
9.1. cell wall and chloroplasts present
9.2. vacuoles
9.2.1. watery solution of enzymes that degrade and recycle molecules and organelles
9.2.1.1. also contains a variety of salts, sugars, and weak acids
9.2.1.1.1. usually acidic
9.2.2. PARAMECIUM
9.2.2.1. pumps excess water out of the cell
9.2.3. AMOEBA
9.2.3.1. food vacuoles digest nutrients that the cell has engulfed
10. ANIMAL CELLS
10.1. centrioles present
10.2. centrosomes
10.2.1. organize microtubules
10.2.1.1. contains two centrioles
10.2.1.1.1. The centrioles also indirectly produce the extensions that enable some cells to move: cilia and flagella
11. cilia
11.1. short, numerous
11.1.1. fringe-like
11.1.1.1. coordinated movement of cilia sets up a wave that propels particles up and out; other cilia can move an egg cell through the female reproductive tract
11.1.2. paramecium have thousands, enabling the cell to "swim" in water