Pesticide interactions with honey bees

1. reduced immunity

1.1. more susceptible to viruses and pathogens

1.2. increased mortality

2. Pests- varroa mites

3. in-hive chemicals

3.1. insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, pesticides

3.2. benefits

3.2.1. protection from pests

3.3. drawback

3.3.1. many pests immune to these chemicals

3.3.2. toxicity in bees

3.3.3. contamination of wax and honey

4. Neonicotinoids

4.1. reduced colony strength

4.2. smaller brood

4.3. short mean survival rates

4.4. usage-

4.4.1. for crops

4.5. reduced detoxification

4.5.1. bee toxicity

4.5.2. accumulation of pesticides in honey, wax, etc.

4.6. exposure

4.6.1. pollen

4.6.2. nectar

4.6.3. plant exudates

5. Policies & Incentives