1. structure of cells
1.1. prokaryotes
1.1.1. have no nuclei, reproduces by binary fission, have a circular DNA, does not contain chromosomes and it is unicellular
1.2. eukaryotes
1.2.1. have nuclei, it is multicellular, contains a linear DNA, divides by mitosis or meiosis and contains chromosomes
2. Cells and sizes
2.1. Light microscopes
2.1.1. they are in expensive, simple and easy to use, and magnifies up to 2000*
2.2. electron microscopes
2.2.1. they are expensive, complex and lengthy, and magnifies over 50000*
2.3. magnification = image/ actual size
3. origin of cells
3.1. pasteurs experiment
3.1.1. attempted to show that bacteria could not spontaneuously generate in sterile broth
4. ultrastructure of cells
4.1. prokaryotic cells
4.1.1. contain cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella pili, ribosomes, and nucleiod
4.2. eukaryotic cells
4.2.1. endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplasts, centrosomes, vacuoles
5. Abi's cell mindmap
6. cell theory
6.1. the cell theory states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, they are the smallest unit of life and all cells come from pre existing cells
7. functions of life
7.1. Metabolism, Reproduction, growth, response, excretion, homeostasis and nutrition
8. cell reproduction and differentiatiation
8.1. result of the expression of certain specific genes but not others. genes, segments, DNA, on a chromosome, enable the production of all the different cells in an organism. each cells contains all the genetic information needed for the production of the complete organism. (definition is adapted from pearson baccalaureate HL biology textbook )
8.2. results of differentiation: emergent properties which depend on the interaction between all the different parts of a particular biological unit. (adapted from pearson baccalaureate HL biology textbook)
8.3. stem cells
8.3.1. these cells can divide and differentiate into various cells. when stem cells divide, they produce daughter cells, which are used to treat diseases.
9. endocytosis and exocytosis
9.1. endocytosis
9.1.1. allows macromolecules to enter the cell
9.2. exocytosis
9.2.1. allows macromolecules to leave the cell