Evolution

1. Darwin

1.1. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution states that evolution happens by natural selection. Individuals in a species show variation in physical characteristics. As a consequence those individuals most suited to their environment survive and, given enough time, the species will gradually evolve.

1.2. The theory of evolution through the process of natural selection was only gradually accepted because: the theory challenged the idea that God made all animals and plants that live on Earth (creationism) there was insufficient evidence when the theory was published to convince many scientists.

1.3. Darwin’s theory was controversial because some scientists were reluctant to change their minds about the ideas of creationism, even when new evidence was discovered that contradicted their ideas.

2. Lamarck

2.1. Lamarck’s theory of evolution was based on the principle that physical changes in organisms during their lifetime—such as greater development of an organ or a part through increased use—could be transmitted to their offspring. Lamarck's theory cannot account for all the observations made about life on Earth. For instance, his theory implies that all organisms would gradually become complex, and simple organisms disappear.

3. Warning colouration: conspicuous markings or bright colours possessed by an animal that serve as a warning to potential predators that it is toxic or distasteful The vivid orange, red, black and white colour patterns on the wings are a monarch's advertisement to potential predators.

4. Wallace

4.1. New species can arise as a result of the following things: • genetic variation - each population has a wide range of alleles that can control their characteristics • natural selection - the alleles which help an organism to survive are selected in each population • speciation - the populations become extremely varied and successful interbreeding cannot happen anymore • Isolation- two populations of a species can become geographically separated because of the environment • isolation can prevent interbreeding and the combination of genes within a species

5. The fossil record: This supports Darwin's theory of evolution, which states that simple life forms gradually evolved into more complex ones.Evidence for early forms of life comes from fossils. By studying fossils, scientists can learn how much (or how little) organisms have changed as life developed on Earth.

5.1. There are gaps in the fossil record because many early forms of life were soft-bodied. The soft parts of organisms do not form fossils well. This means there is little information about what these organisms looked like. Any traces of fossils that there may have been were likely destroyed by geological activity.

5.2. Fossils are formed in different ways, but most are formed when a plant or animal dies in a watery environment and is buried in mud and silt. Soft tissues quickly decompose leaving the hard bones or shells behind. Over time sediment builds over the top and hardens into rock.

5.3. Bacteria develop resistance mechanisms by using instructions provided by their DNA. Often, resistance genes are found within plasmids, small pieces of DNA that carry genetic instructions from one germ to another. This means that some bacteria can share their DNA and make other germs become resistant.