1. 19th Century
1.1. A new policy dominated the turn of the century. The argument was that the whole text had to be translated without retrenchment, except when immoralities were presented in the text
2. 18th Century
2.1. Alexander Woodhouslee
2.1.1. Three General Laws or Rules
2.1.1.1. Give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
2.1.1.2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original
2.1.1.3. The translation should have all the ease of the original composition
2.2. Schleiermacher
2.2.1. Two Different Types of Text
2.2.1.1. The Dolmetscher, who translates commercial text. The Übersetzer who works on scholarly and artistic text.
3. 20th Century
3.1. Eugene Nida
3.1.1. Define Translation as Follows
3.1.1.1. Translation is reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language; first in terms of meaning and second in terms of style.
3.2. Vinay and Darbel
3.2.1. Two general strategies of translation
3.2.1.1. Direct translation: used as synonymous with literal translation
3.2.1.2. Oblique translation: almost similar to free translation.
3.3. C. J. Catford
3.3.1. Two Kinds of Shift
3.3.1.1. A level Shift: Grammar to Lexis
3.3.1.2. Category Shift
3.3.1.2.1. Structural Shift
3.3.1.2.2. Class Shift
3.3.1.2.3. Unit Shift
3.3.1.2.4. Intra - system Shift
3.4. Peter Newmark
3.4.1. Overtranslation: Providing more details than what the original has expressed.
3.4.2. Undertranslation: making generalization of the translated text much beyond the original.
3.5. Semantic vs. communicative translation
3.5.1. Semantic attempts to render as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original
3.5.2. Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.
3.6. Mona Baker
3.6.1. Thematic and information structures
3.6.1.1. An inherent problem in this type of analysis is that thematic structure is realized differently in different languages.
3.6.2. Cohesion
3.6.2.1. Shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation hypothesizes that cohesive ties may become more explicit as a general strategy
3.6.3. Pragmatic
3.6.3.1. Three Major Concepts
3.6.3.1.1. Coherence
3.6.3.1.2. Presupposition
3.6.3.1.3. Implicature
3.7. Hatim and Mason
3.7.1. that changes in transitivity structure (eg passive / active voice) can cause a shift in ideational function.
3.8. Julian House
3.8.1. focuses on the register analysis based on the Halliday's functional grammar to propose a model for translation quality assessment.
4. Before 500AD
4.1. Lucius Livius Andronicus
4.1.1. A Latin and Greek. He started teaching these two languages and later he founded the Roman epic poetry and drama.
4.2. Horace
4.2.1. known for his lyrics and was known to be a satirist and a translator.
4.3. Saint Jerome
4.3.1. Real name was Eusebius Hieronymus Literary name was Sophronius.
4.3.2. He developed his own theory of translation, expressed in one of his letters, which was the base for the future developments.
5. 16th and 17th Century
5.1. Etienne Dolet
5.1.1. He was a French humanist, painter and scholar. His Major Principles in Translationa are:
5.1.1.1. Understand the content and the intention of the author
5.1.1.2. Perfect knowledge of both the source and the target languages.
5.1.1.3. Avoid the tendency to translate word for word.
5.1.1.4. Employ the forms of speech as they are used in the speech of common people
5.2. Martin Luther
5.2.1. He was one the first scholars who established the systematic principles and techniques of translation:
5.2.1.1. Changing
5.2.1.2. Addition
5.2.1.3. Retrenchment
5.2.1.4. Expansion
5.2.1.5. Simplication
5.3. Marcus Tullius Cicero
5.3.1. He was a Roman statesman, a lawyer, a scholar, and a writer.
5.3.2. translating a poem semantic gaps will lead to evaporation of meaning. Therefore, the translator has to supply “new beauties” to the translated text.
5.3.3. word-for-word or sense-for-sense
5.4. Cowley
5.5. John Dryden
5.5.1. He was an English poet, playwright and literary critic. Dryden reduces all translations into three categories:
5.5.1.1. Metaphrase
5.5.1.2. Paraphrase
5.5.1.3. Imitation