1. Adjective clause
1.1. An adjective clause is a clause that extends a noun but an adjective clause has a clearer meaning than a regular adjective.
1.2. Adjectives clause are preceded by two types of Relative Words.
1.2.1. Relative Pronoun
1.2.1.1. Who
1.2.1.1.1. Ex 1.Do you know the man who is talking to Jenny?
1.2.1.2. Whom
1.2.1.2.1. Ex 2.The woman whom I talked to yesterday is our new boss.
1.2.1.3. Which
1.2.1.3.1. Ex 3.The cabinet of which drawer is broken has already been repaired.
1.2.1.4. whose
1.2.1.4.1. Ex 4.The man whose car is blue is Mark.
1.2.1.5. That
1.2.1.5.1. Ex 5.I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.
1.2.1.6. As
1.2.1.7. But
1.2.2. Relative Adverb
1.2.2.1. Where
1.2.2.1.1. Ex 1.The house where he lives is on the hill.
1.2.2.2. Why
1.2.2.2.1. Ex 2.I know the reason why he lives on the hill.
1.2.2.3. When
1.2.2.3.1. Ex. 3The iPad which is on the table is from America.
2. Active and Passive voice
2.1. Active Voice is a sentence in which the subject is the direct action verb. with karma to receive or without karma to receive the sentence
2.2. Passive Voice is a sentence in which the subject is the action. The structure form of Passive Voice is Verb to be + V.3.
3. Superlative and Comparatives
4. Modal Verbs
4.1. Modal Verbs are auxiliary verbs that have a special meaning in themselves. Usually, auxiliary verbs are responsible for completing a sentence but have no meaning.
4.1.1. Modal Verbs to Know.
4.1.1.1. Can/Could
4.1.1.1.1. The negative form of Can is Can+not(Can't). The negative from of Could is Could+not(Couldn't).
4.1.1.1.2. Used to tell the ability by Can to tell the current ability Could tell the ability in the past.
4.1.1.1.3. Used to ask for permission, to give permission or not to allow, to request something, to offer help, with Could be more polite than Can.
4.1.1.1.4. Used to tell what is possible or happened by Could tell what happened in the past, with the structure Could + have + past participle (V.3).
4.1.1.2. Will/Would
4.1.1.2.1. The negative from of Will is Will+not(Won't) The negative from of Would+not(Wouldn't)
4.1.1.2.2. Will is used to express what is expected to happen in the future, to express intentions.
4.1.1.2.3. Would is used to talk about an event that will happen in the past, polite request, request. and used in conditional sentences
4.1.1.3. Shall/Should
4.1.1.3.1. The negative from of Shall is Shall+not(Shan’t) The negative from of Should is Should+not(Shouldn’t)
4.1.1.3.2. Shall is used to suggest, suggest, offer help.
4.1.1.3.3. Should means should be... used to suggest
4.1.1.3.4. Note: Shall is rarely used these days, but can sometimes be found in official speech. and some legal documents For everyday English, Shall will meet the most in a question sentence, submit a proposal, or suggest and persuade that Shall I…? / Shall we…?
4.1.1.4. May/Might
4.1.1.4.1. May and Might imply maybe are interchangeable, but Might imply that it is less likely to happen.
4.1.1.4.2. The negative from of May is May+not (May not) The negative from of Might is Might+not (Mightn’t)
4.1.1.4.3. used to tell the possibility or what might happen
4.1.1.5. Ought to
4.1.1.5.1. Ougt to means should be a word used by people in the olden days. It is rarely used nowadays, should be used more.
4.1.1.6. Must
4.1.1.6.1. means to be used to talk about what needs to be done indispensable necessities
4.2. Modal Verbs are different from regular verbs.
4.2.1. Modal Verbs do not need to add s regardless of the subject.
4.2.1.1. Ex 1. I will visit Japan next year.
4.2.1.2. Ex 2. She can speak Italian.
4.2.2. Can make negative sentences or questions without using other modal verbs such as do, does.
4.2.2.1. Ex 1. Students can’t enter this room.
4.2.2.2. Ex 2. Can you pass me the sugar?
4.2.3. After Modal Verbs, it must be followed by infinitive verbs (simple verbs that do not add -ing, -ed, to, s, or es).
4.2.3.1. Ex 1. I should arrive by lunch time.
4.2.3.2. Ex 2. You must study hard.
5. Phrasal verbs
5.1. Using verbs that usually have a meaning But the component, when verb+ preposition or particle is combined to form Phrasal verbs, may give rise to a new meaning, which may not have the meaning of the original verb at all. It is very commonly used in English.
5.1.1. Key Rules for Using Phrasal Verbs or Two-Word Verbs
5.1.1.1. When there is no direct object, adverb must be placed next to the verb
5.1.1.1.1. Please come in.
5.1.1.1.2. Don't give up, whatever happens.
5.1.1.2. When object pronouns such as him, her, it, them, me, us, are direct objects, these objects must be placed in front of the adverb.
5.1.1.2.1. I can't make out it.(wrong)
5.1.1.3. When a noun such as book , pen , houses , etc. is a direct object, the noun can be placed before or after an adverb.(verb +adverb +noun) or (verb +noun +adverb)
5.1.1.3.1. Turn on the light. , Turn the light on.
5.1.1.4. According to item 3, if object is a long word, for example with an extended object clause, the object must be placed after the adverb.
5.1.1.4.1. He gave away every book that he possesed. (right)
5.1.1.5. In exclamatory Sentences, place an adverb in front
5.1.1.5.1. If the subject is a noun, the verb can be followed.
5.1.1.5.2. If subject is pronoun, use only adverb, not verb.
5.2. Types of Phrasal verbs
5.2.1. Inseparable Verbs with no objects
5.2.1.1. Set off
5.2.1.2. Wake up
5.2.1.3. Come in
5.2.1.4. Carry on
5.2.1.5. Grow up
5.2.1.6. Speed up
5.2.1.7. Stand up
5.2.1.8. Get on
5.2.1.9. Find out
5.2.1.10. Turn up
5.2.2. Inseparable Verbs with objects
5.2.2.1. Look after
5.2.2.2. Run into
5.2.2.3. Take after
5.2.2.4. Go off
5.2.2.5. Look into
5.2.2.6. Look into
5.2.2.7. Come across
5.2.2.8. Deal with
5.2.2.9. Cope with
5.2.3. Separable verbs
5.2.3.1. Turn on
5.2.3.2. Turn off
5.2.3.3. Turn down
5.2.3.4. Swith off
5.2.3.5. Look up
5.2.3.6. Take off
5.2.4. Three-Word Phrasal Verbs
5.2.4.1. Get on with
5.2.4.2. Look out for
5.2.4.3. Run out of
5.2.4.4. Stand up for
5.2.4.5. Look up to
5.2.4.6. Look out on
5.2.4.7. Cut down on
5.2.4.8. Catch up with
5.2.4.9. Get down to
5.2.4.10. Look down to
5.2.4.11. Put up with