1. PAST
1.1. past simple
1.1.1. used to talk about things that happened or existed before now.
1.1.1.1. -We use Simple Past to talk about:
1.1.1.1.1. past events that happened over a period of time, the simple past tense emphasizes that the action is finished. • Wolfgang admired the way the light glinted off his silver medal.
1.1.1.1.2. a past state of being, such as the way someone felt about something. This is often expressed with the simple past tense of the verb to be and an adjective, noun, or prepositional phrase. • Wolfgang was proud of his hula hoop victory. • The contest was the highlight of his week.
1.1.1.1.3. used to talk about actions that were completed before some point in the past. • I went shopping with my family 3 days ago
1.1.1.2. structure:
1.1.1.2.1. (+) S + V2 / ed + O • I saw Peter yesterday.
1.1.1.2.2. (-) S + didn’t + V_inf + O • I didn’t go to school yesterday.
1.1.1.2.3. (?) Did + S + V_inf + O? • Did you visit Peter last week?
1.2. Past perfect
1.2.1. used to talk about actions that were completed before some point in the past.
1.2.1.1. we use Past Perfect to talk about:
1.2.1.1.1. something that happened before something else • I turned back to the house and saw that some someone named Tootles had defaced my front door!
1.2.1.2. structure:
1.2.1.2.1. (+) S + had + V3/ed + O • By 4pm yesterday, he had left his house
1.2.1.2.2. (-) S + had + not + V3/ed + O • By 4pm yesterday, he had not left his house
1.2.1.2.3. (?) Had + S + V3/ed + O? • Had he left his house by 4pm yesterday?
1.3. Past continuous
1.3.1. also known as the past progressive tense, refers to a continuing action or state that was happening at some point in the past.
1.3.1.1. We use Past Continuous to talk about:
1.3.1.1.1. conditions that existed in the past • The sun was shining every day that summer.
1.3.1.1.2. something that was happening continuously in the past when another action interrupted it. • I was making dinner when she arrived.
1.3.1.1.3. what was happening at a precise time in the past. • At 6 o’clock, I was eating dinner.
1.3.1.1.4. a habitual action in the past. • She was talking constantly in class in those days.
1.3.1.2. structure
1.3.1.2.1. (+) S + was/were + V_ing + O • She was watching TV at 8 o’clock last night.
1.3.1.2.2. (-) S + was/were + not + V_ing + O • She wasn’t watching TV at 8 o’clock last night.
1.3.1.2.3. (?) Was/were + S + V_ing + O? Was/were + S + V_ing + O? • Was she watching TV at 8 o’clock last night?
1.4. Past perfect continuous
1.4.1. also known as the past perfect progressive tense, shows that an action that started in the past continued up until another time in the past
1.4.1.1. We use Past Perfect Continuous to talk about :
1.4.1.1.1. an action that began in the past and continued up to the present, the past perfect continuous is a verb tense that indicates something that began in the past, continued in the past, and also ended at a defined point in the past. • I had been working at the company for five years when I got the promotion.
1.4.1.2. structure:
1.4.1.2.1. (+) S + had been + V_ing + O • He had been watching films.
1.4.1.2.2. (-) S + had + not + been + V_ing + O • He hadn’t been watching film.
1.4.1.2.3. (?) Had + S + been + V_ing + O? • Had he been watching films?
2. FUTURE
2.1. Future simple
2.1.1. used to talk about things that haven’t happened yet.
2.1.1.1. Future simple is used to talk about:
2.1.1.1.1. Describe a prediction that has no basis • I think It will rain.
2.1.1.1.2. Describe an unexpected decision at the moment of speaking • I will bring coffee to you.
2.1.1.1.3. Express an offer, a promise, a threat, a suggest. • I will never speak to you again.
2.1.1.1.4. Use in the main clause of the first conditional sentence. • If you don’t hurry, you will be late.
2.1.1.2. structure:
2.1.1.2.1. (+) S + will/shall/ + V_inf + O • I will be there for you.
2.1.1.2.2. (-) S + will/shall + not + V_inf + O • I will never let you down.
2.1.1.2.3. (?) Will/shall + S + V_inf + O? • Will you be there for me.
2.2. Future continuous
2.2.1. also known as future progressive tense, is a verb tense that indicates that something will occur in the future and continue for an expected length of time.
2.2.1.1. We use the future continuos to talk about:
2.2.1.1.1. an action that is expected to occur in the future and be completed. • The party will be starting at nine o’clock
2.2.1.2. structure:
2.2.1.2.1. (+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing • She will be climbing on the mountain at this time next Saturday
2.2.1.2.2. (-) S + will/shall + not + be + V-ing • Michael won't be running a marathon this Saturday.
2.2.1.2.3. (?) Will/shall + S + be + V-ing? • Won't you be staying?
2.3. Future perfect
2.4. Future perfect continuous
3. NOW
3.1. Simple Present
3.1.1. used to express an obvious truth or an action that takes place over and over again according to habits, customs, abilities.
3.1.1.1. -Structure
3.1.1.1.1. (+) S + V (s / es) + O • She gets up at 6 o'clock.
3.1.1.1.2. (-) S + do not / does not + Vo • She doesn't eat chocolate.
3.1.1.1.3. (?) Do / Does + S + Vo? • Does she eat pastries?
3.1.1.2. -We use Present Simple to talk about:
3.1.1.2.1. Describe an action that occurs frequently or a habit in the present • He gets up early every morning.
3.1.1.2.2. Describe an obvious truth • The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
3.1.1.2.3. Describes a human ability. • He plays badminton very well.
3.2. Present Continuous
3.2.1. used to describe what happens the moment we speak, and that action is not over.
3.2.1.1. -Structure
3.2.1.1.1. (+) S + am / is / are + V_ing • She is watching TV now.
3.2.1.1.2. (-) S + am/is/are + not + V_ing • She is not doing his homework now.
3.2.1.1.3. (?) Am/Is/Are + S + V_ing? • Is she studying English?
3.2.1.2. -We use Present Continuous to talk about:
3.2.1.2.1. Usually followed by the order, the offer. • Look! The child is crying.
3.2.1.2.2. Describe an action that occurs over and over again, using the word ALWAYS • She is always borrowing our books and then she doesn’t remember.
3.2.1.2.3. Describe an impending action (in the near future) • Tomorrow, I am taking to the train to Kyoto to visit a relative.
3.2.1.2.4. Describe an action that is taking place and lasts at a time in the present. • The children are playing football now.
3.3. Present Pefect
3.3.1. Used to describe an action, the incident has begun in the past, lasts to the present and can continue into the future.
3.3.1.1. -Structure
3.3.1.1.1. (+) S + have/has + V3/ed + O • I have done my homework.
3.3.1.1.2. (-) S + have / has + not + V3 / ed + O • She hasn’t completed the assigned work.
3.3.1.1.3. (?) Have / has + S + V3 / ed + O? • Has he visited the children at the orphanage?
3.3.1.2. -We use Present Perfect to talk about:
3.3.1.2.1. Describe an action that has occurred or has never occurred at an unknown time in the past. • I’ve done all my housework
3.3.1.2.2. Describe the repetition of a past action. • She has lived in London all her life
3.3.1.2.3. Used with since and for. • She has lived here since 1980. • She has lived here for twenty years.