VOWELS

1. GENERAL

1.1. the center of a syllable

1.2. Syllabic

1.3. 20 vowels

1.3.1. 12 cardinal-single vowels

1.3.2. 8 diphthongs

2. CONSONANTS

2.1. DESCRIPTION

2.1.1. manner of articulation: with stoppage or restriction of the air stream

2.1.2. voicing: some are voices, whereas others are voiceless

2.1.3. distribution: all but some nasal and lateral are not syllabic, cannot form the center of a syllable

2.2. CLASSIFICATION

2.2.1. 1.Place of articulation (where)

2.2.1.1. bilabial

2.2.1.2. labio-dental

2.2.1.3. dental

2.2.1.4. alveolar

2.2.1.5. palato-alveolar

2.2.1.6. palatal

2.2.1.7. velar

2.2.1.8. glottal

2.2.2. 2.Manner of articulation (How)

2.2.2.1. stops (plosive consonants)

2.2.2.2. fricatives

2.2.2.3. affricates

2.2.2.4. nasals

2.2.2.5. lateral (liquid)

2.2.2.6. approximants (glide)

2.2.3. 3.Voicing (vibration of the vocal cords)

2.2.3.1. voiced

2.2.3.2. voiceless

3. CLASSIFICATION

3.1. The position of tongue (Backness)

3.2. The height of the tongue

3.3. Lip positions

3.4. Length

3.5. Muscle tension

4. Diphthongs

4.1. 2 vowels produced within one syllable

4.2. first is nucleus ( strong-clear-distinct sound)

4.3. second is glide ( weak-short)