1. Different Perspectives of Cells
1.1. Longitudinal section (L.S.): cutting along the length of the cell
1.2. Transverse section (T.S.): cutting acroos the length of the cell
2. Overview of Cells
2.1. A cell is the basic unit of life
2.2. Many chemical reactions occur in a cell
2.3. Cells are too small to be seen by the naked eye
2.4. Light and electron microscopes are used to see cells and their parts
2.5. Cameras can be fitted to the microscope to take pictures called micrographs
3. Other Facts
3.1. Cell Membrane
3.1.1. Partially permeable
3.2. Cell Wall
3.2.1. Fully permeable
3.3. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
3.3.1. Contains ribosomes to synthesis proteins
3.4. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
3.4.1. Does not contain ribosomes
3.4.2. More tubular than Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
3.5. Vacuole(s)
3.5.1. Fluid-filled space enclosed by a membrane
4. Specialised Cells (Adaptions to Functions)
4.1. Red Blood Cell
4.1.1. Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen and transports it around the body
4.1.2. It has a biconcave shape which increases surface area to volume ratio to transport oxygen at a faster rate
4.1.3. Lacks a nucleus so there more space to store more haemoglobin for transport of oxygen
4.2. Root Hair Cell
4.2.1. Has a long and narrow root hair, which increases surface area to volume ratio for faster rate of absorption of water and dissolved mineral salts
4.2.2. Numerous mitochondria in the cell to release energy during aerobic respiration for active transport of mineral salts into the cell
4.3. Xylem Vessel
4.3.1. Absence of protoplasm and cross-walls so water flow is not obstructed
4.3.2. Walls are thickened with lignin to prevent collapse of the vessel
5. Celluar Organisation
5.1. Cells
5.1.1. Tissues
5.1.1.1. Organs
5.1.1.1.1. Organ Systems
6. Cell Types
6.1. Plant Cell
6.2. Animal Cell
6.3. Specialised Cell
6.3.1. Red Blood Cell
6.3.1.1. Absorbs water and dissolved mineral salts
6.3.2. Root Hair Cell
6.3.2.1. Conducts water and mineral salts from roots to stems and leaves
6.3.2.2. Provides mechanical support for the plant
6.3.3. Xylem Vessel
6.3.3.1. Transport of oxygen from lungs to all cells in the body
7. Cell Organelles
7.1. Nucleus
7.1.1. Controls cell activties (Examples: Cell growth, repair of worn-out parts)
7.1.2. Essential for cell division
7.2. Cell Membrane
7.2.1. Controls substances entering and leaving the cell
7.3. Cytoplasm
7.3.1. Site of most chemical reactions
7.3.2. Contains specialised structures called organelles
7.4. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
7.4.1. Transports proteins to the Golgi body / Golgi Apparatus for secretion out of the cell
7.5. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
7.5.1. Synthesises substances (Examples: Fats, steroids)
7.5.2. Involved in detoxification (Converting harmful substances into harmless materials)
7.6. Golgi Body / Golgi Apparatus
7.6.1. Chemically modifies substances (Example: Proteins made by the endoplasmic reticulum)
7.6.2. Stores and packages the proteins made by the endoplasmic reticulum in vesticles for secretion out of the cell
7.7. Mitochondrion (Singular) / Mitochondria (Plural)
7.7.1. Site of aerobic respiration, in which food is oxidised to release energy
7.8. Vacuole(s)
7.8.1. Store substances within the cell
7.8.2. Animal cells: contains water and food substances
7.8.3. Plant cells: A large central vacuole that contains cell sap, which contains dissolved substances (Examples: sugar, mineral salts, amino acids)
7.9. Centriole (Animal Cells)
7.9.1. Involved in cell division
7.10. Cell Wall (Plant Cells)
7.10.1. Protects the cell from injuries
7.10.2. Gives the cell its regular shape
7.11. Chloroplast (Plant Cells)
7.11.1. Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis