Leadership

1. Responsibility (Cas)

1.1. A Good example: Hector treats the successes and failure of his men as his own personal success or failure and accepts the consequences. He is also driven by a strong sense of duty to protect his family and city.

1.1.1. "Polydamas will be the first to reproach me, who bade me lead the Trojans to the city ... but I was not persuaded." ... "Now that I have destroyed my own people by my recklessness. .. . It would be far better, then, for me . .. to die with honor at his hands, before my city." (Iliad, 22.100-110)

1.2. A Bad example: In the Odyssey, Odysseus often blames his men for their deaths and rarely accounts for the possibility that his decisions and pursuit of glory may have led to such an outcome.

1.2.1. Why? GLORY

1.2.1.1. Glory is what everyone wishes responsibility was- recognition, praise and admiration for a job well done. However, the pursuit of glory causes many heroic figures, particularly Odysseus, to make catastrophic mistakes- ex: Cicones + Cyclops

1.2.1.2. Cicones, book 9- "I sacked the town and killed the men. We took their wives and shared their riches equally among us. Then I said we must run away. Those fools refused to listen." (Odyssey 9.41-45)

1.2.1.2.1. At the cave of Polyphemus: "My crew begged, 'let us grab some cheese and quickly drive the kids and lambs out of their pens and to our swift ships, and sail away across the salty water!' That would have been the better choice. But I refused." (Odyssey 9.223-228)

2. Motivation (anna)

2.1. Example of unsuccessful motivation: Phoinix motivating Achilles to fight

2.1.1. "If now you ponder going home, shining Achilles, and you do not intend in any way at all to defend the swift ships from the oblierating fire, because rage has assailed your heart, how then, apart from you, dear child, could I be left here on my own?" (Iliad 9.183)

2.1.1.1. Although unsuccessful in his motivation, Phoinix demonstrates strong leadership qualities. By appealing to Achilles' emotions and connection to himself, Phoinix attempts to guide Achilles towards the right decision of fighting for the Greeks.

2.2. Example of successful motivation: Athena motivating Telemachus to take control of his house

2.2.1. "You must consider how best to drive these suitors from your house. Come, listen carefully to what I say. Tomorrow call the Achaean chiefs to meeting, and tell the suitors-let the gods be witness-'All of you, go away! To your own homes!'"(Odyssey 1.113-114)

2.2.1.1. Athena displays many characteristics of a good leader in her conversation with Telemachus. She tells him "this is what you're going to do" and then lists his next courses of actions. Through her confidence and intelligence, Athena motivates Telemachus to take back control of his house.

2.3. Tori: Example of successful motivation: Athena convinces Achilles to prevent bloodshed

2.3.1. “cut [Agamemnon] with words” (Illiad 1. 211 )

2.3.1.1. Goddess Athena utilizes her intelligence to motivate Achilles to think critically, rather than acting impulsively due to his emotions

2.4. Tori: Example of successful motivation: Diomedes directs the Archaeans to continue fighting when Agamemnon is despaired

2.4.1. "we two, I and Sthenelos, will fight until we learn firsthand the fated end of Ilion" (Iliad 9.28-50)

2.4.1.1. Diomedes's courage allows him to stay true to his purpose, even when Agamemnon's cowardness influences him to draw back from the war.

3. Guidance (Max)

3.1. Hector guides the Trojans in the Illiad - Hector is a passionate leader that would give his life for Troy without any question which allowed for him to earn the respect of his soldiers and his people.

3.1.1. Hector was extremely loyal to the people of Troy and was willing to sacrifice his own safety in order to protect the Trojans

3.1.2. “Great Hector of the shimmering helm was leader of the Trojans, Priam’s son; with him by far the most numerous and best troops were mustered, at the ready with their spears” (Iliad 2.816-818).

3.1.2.1. The way that the Trojans idolized Hector with flattering images of heroity, displayed by the epithets used in the *Iliad* is a perfect example of their respect and willingness to follow his lead.

3.1.2.2. People want to follow those they respect and admire - Hector is idealized Trojan warrior who is also extremely selfless.

3.2. Odysseus proves to be important to Agamemnon as he provides much guidance and attempts to calm his pit of rage towards Achilles.

3.2.1. “Most glorious son of Atreus, lord of men Agamemnon; the man is unwilling to quench his rage, but is all the more filled with wrath, and rejects you and your gifts. And he urges you yourself to consult among the Argives how you might save your ships and the army of the Achaeans" (Iliad 9.77-81)

3.2.1.1. Agamemnon's "embassy" are all vital towards his ability to lead the Greeks. Odysseus, Ajax, and Phoenix are all important forces is trying to resolve the conflict between Agamemnon and Achilles - attempting to control/lessen Agamemnon's rage.

3.3. Achilles took action when Agamemnon was simply not actively trying to end the sudden plague sent by Apollo which ultimately led to his mother guiding him to call an Achaean meting to determine the cause of Apollo wrath.

3.3.1. “Nine days the shafts of the god flew through the army, and on the tenth Achilles summoned the people to assembly; the goddess of the white arms, Hera, put this in his mind, for she was distressed for the Danaans, since she saw them dying...” (Iliad 1.53-56)

3.3.1.1. Without the guidance of Thetis, his mother, and queen of the gods, Hera, Achilles would have never thought to call for an Achaean assembly and assess why Apollo had cursed them with a plague.

4. Vulnerability (Lucy)

4.1. Priam goes to visit Achilles in a desperate attempt to retreive his son's corpse, uses his own vulnerability, appealing to Achilles who then also has a strong moment of vulnerability.

4.1.1. Priam is open about his weakened physical and emotional state. By doing this, he shows true inner strength and gains Achilles' respect and pity.

4.1.1.1. "Revere the gods, Achilles, and have pity upon me, remembering your father; for I am yet more pitiful, and have endured such things as no other mortal man upon the earth, drawing to my lips the hands of the man who killed my son." (Iliad 24.503-506)

4.1.2. The unique display of vulnerability allows the two men to truly connect, gain mutual respect, and make a meaningful impact.

4.1.2.1. "So he spoke; and he stirred in the other a yearning to weep for his own father, and taking hold of his hand he gently pushed the old man away. And the two remembered, the one weeping without cessation for man-slaughtering Hector as he lay curled before Achilles' feet, and Achilles wept for his own father and then again for Patroclus; and the sound of their lament was raised throughout the hall." (Iliad 24.507-512)

4.2. Aidan: Phoenix displays vulnerability in an attempt to persuade Achilles to fight with the Greeks again. He opens up to Achilles about his personal emotional battles through life and his love for Achilles. Both of which are uncommon yet valuable in leadership.

4.2.1. Small excerpt from speech: "the house of lord Peleus; and he willingly received me​ and loved me, as a father loves his child" (Iliad 9.480) "loving you from my heart, ... I tried to make my son" (Iliad 9.486,494)

5. Unity

5.1. Aidan: Agememnon unifying the Greeks to fight the Trojans

5.1.1. Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae, united the Greek states into one Greek army to sail to Troy to retrieve his wife Helen. Agamemnon serves as the King Basileus, the political figurehead of the Greek army.

5.1.1.1. Agamemnon fails at maintaining the unity fo the Greeks under his leadership when, in Book 2, he "tests" the loyalties of his soldiers by saying he gives up and they should all return home. He hopes they will stay, but the many of the men agree and want to sail for home. Eventually, the other Basileus', not Agamemnon have to reunite the Greek army.

5.1.1.1.1. "But come—let us all be persuaded to do as I say; let us flee with our ships to our beloved fatherland,​140 for we will not ever take Troy of the wide ways" (Agamemnon) (Iliad 2.139-141)

5.1.1.1.2. with a shout the men rushed to the ships, and dust raised beneath their feet​ 150 hung in the air. They urged one another to seize the ships and drag them to the bright sea, and to clear out the launching tracks. The cry reached heaven of men longing for home. (Iliad 2.149-154)

5.2. Tori: Odysseus’s clarity of mind had re-established the Archaeans to stay and prepare for battle, rather than flee.

5.2.1. "So giving commands he brought the army to order; the men rushed back" (Iliad 2. 206-207).

5.2.1.1. He reunites the Greeks and reminds them of Calchas’s prophecy, as it states "Odysseus has accomplished thousands of good deeds both leading good councils and marshaling battle--but this is now the best thing he has accomplished among the Argives" (Iliad 2.272-274).

5.3. Tori: Nestor suggesting that Agamemnon make amends with Achilles

5.3.1. "...let us consider how we might, making atonement, win him over with propitiary gifts and gentle words." (Illiad 9. 112-113)

5.3.1.1. Nestor's ability to think congnitively allows for the development of an action plan for progress, rather than letting emotions interfere. The Achaeans follow his guidance and decide to stay, rather than flee.

5.4. Max: Even after Hector's death he was able to create a sense of unity between the gods and mortals as a result of his loyalty to the gods throughout his lifetime.

5.4.1. “The men will not have the same honor; yet Hector too was dearest to the gods of all mortal men in Ilion. For so he was to me, since he never failed to offer pleasing gifts; my altar was never lacking its fair share of sacrifice, of libation and the savour of burnt offering; for this honor is our due” (Iliad 24.66-71).

5.4.1.1. The fact that Zeus was advocating for the return of Hector's body to Priam for a proper and respectful burial exemplifies the gods respect for Hector.

5.4.1.2. Hector has built a unifying relationship with the gods even though he just a mere mortal.

6. Humility (Tori)

6.1. Achilles listens to goddess Athena before drawing his sword to harm Agamemnon

6.1.1. "...for so it is better" (Illiad 1. 217)

6.1.1.1. Achilles demonstrates humility as he was willing to listen to Athena in the midst of his anger and resentment, but ultimately respected her advice, understanding his intentions were impure.

6.2. Peram kissing Achilles' hands who killed his son in order to retrieve Hector's body

6.2.1. “Drawing to my lips the hands of the man who killed my son.” (Illiad 2. 506)

6.2.1.1. Peram illustrates humility by venturing far and beyond alone, despite the dangers and insecurities he may face, to retrieve his son's corpse. Not only is he brave for doing so, but he kisses Achilles, his son's murder, hands to beg and plea for the return of his body in order to perform a proper burial.

6.3. Max: Often times those that show humility are well respected by their peers and "followers" and Hector was a great example of someone who was respected even past death.

6.3.1. “You gods are relentless, destroyers of men! Did Hector never burn as offerings to you the thighbones of oxen and of goats without blemish? And now, dead though he is, you cannot bring yourselves to rescue him, for his wife to look on, for his mother, for his child, and for his father and his people, who would with all speed burn him upon a pyre and honor him with funeral rites; but you gods choose to abet murderous Achilles” (Iliad 24.33-40)

6.3.1.1. Apollo is enraged that Achilles's is defaming Hector's dead body which is only a mere example of his barbaric and heartless tendencies.

6.3.1.2. Hector's life exemplifies leading with humility and his actions have gained the support of the gods, specifically Apollo, which is proving helpful even after death