1. Unit 4: 1800-1848
1.1. Topic 2: The Rise of POLITICAL PARTIES & the Age of JEFFERSON
1.1.1. One of the main causes of policy debates was political parties
1.1.1.1. Washington's cabinet bothered him about the bitter fighting between Hamilton (Federalists) and Jefferson (Democratic Republicans)
1.1.1.1.1. Hamilton supported a central government and manufacturing
1.1.1.1.2. Jefferson supported a limited central government and favored agrarianism, a nation of self sustaining farmers known as yeoman farmers
1.2. Topic 3: Politics and Regional Interests
1.2.1. National vs. regional interests
1.2.1.1. The War of 1812 showed weaknesses in the US
1.2.1.1.1. Without a National Bank, whose charter expired in 1811, the US lacked a reliable source of credit to raise funds
1.2.1.1.2. Showed how weak infrastructure and transportation was
1.2.1.1.3. American System - Henry Clay proposed this to solve these problems
1.2.1.2. Improved roads and cheap lands led to greater migration westward
1.2.1.2.1. Slavery debate when Missouri tried to apply for statehood in the Union, people already brought slaves so people assumed it would be a slave state (1819)
1.3. Topic 4: America on the WORLD STAGE
1.3.1. Canada and Oregon
1.3.1.1. Treaty of Ghent - Ended the War of 1812, but left things unclear about Canada (1814)
1.3.1.1.1. President James Monroe (elected 1817) sent John Q. Adams to London to settle territorial claims
1.3.2. Florida
1.3.2.1. Spain had trouble governing the Florida Territory, which led to Seminole natives, runaway slaves, and scrappy white folks crossing the border and raiding US territory
1.3.2.1.1. Monroe sent General Andrew Jackson to Florida to stop this, and was explicitly told not to engage with Spanish forces (1817)
1.3.3. The Americas
1.3.3.1. Columbia, Mexico, Chile, Peru, and Argentina had overthrown European colonial power (1822)
1.3.3.1.1. Monroe recognized their independence and established diplomatic relations with them to ensure the limited influence of Europe in the Americas
1.3.4. Trade
1.3.4.1. US established trade relationship with Mexico, which delighted New England manufacturers who saw a new market (late 1820s)
1.3.4.1.1. US merchant ships carried goods across the Pacific and established a robust trade in Chinese porcelains and silks
1.4. Topic 5: The MARKET REVOLUTION in America - INDUSTRIALIZATION
1.4.1. Market Revolution - linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation
1.4.1.1. Marked the transition from agrarian society to capitalist society and merged the economy
1.4.1.2. Transportation
1.4.1.2.1. National Road (Cumberland Road) - connected Maryland on the east coast to Illinois in the heartland
1.4.1.2.2. Canals - Human constructed rivers
1.4.1.2.3. Railroads - replaced canals and became the main technology linking regions (1820s and 1830s)
1.4.1.3. Industrial Innovation
1.4.1.3.1. Interchangeable parts - new technology invented by Eli Whitney which revolutionized the industrial sector
1.4.1.4. Agricultural Innovation
1.4.1.4.1. Cotton Gin - Prior to his work on interchangeable parts, Eli Whitney made an invention that sped up the process of separating cotton seeds from fibers
1.4.1.4.2. Subsistence farming - the original goal of agriculture, which was farming for food and selling the extra
1.5. Topic 6: The MARKET REVOLUTION's Effect on SOCIETY
1.5.1. Migration
1.5.1.1. Industrial cities exploded in size and diversity, especially due to European (Irish due to potato famine and Germans due to displaced farming and failed democratic revolutions) immigrants
1.5.1.1.1. From the 1820s to 1840s, the number of immigrants grew to 1.7 million
1.5.2. Women
1.5.2.1. Cult of Domesticity - idea spread in books and magazines that stated that a women's identity and purpose was to have children, raise them, and provide a home that was a haven of rest to her husband, while the husband went out doing real work
1.5.2.1.1. The idea of the separation of public and private spheres, and that one gender was assigned to each took hold especially in the middle class
1.6. Topic 7: Expanding DEMOCRACY
1.6.1. Participatory democracy expanded significantly
1.6.1.1. Causes
1.6.1.1.1. Panic of 1819 - The Second Bank of the US tightened lending policies to control inflation (rising prices), causing many state banks to close
1.7. Topic 8: JACKSON and Federal Power
1.7.1. The rival factions in the Democratic Republicans party hardened into proper political parties (1820s and 1830s)
1.7.1.1. Democrats - Led by Jackson, inspired by Jefferson and the original Democratic Republicans
1.7.1.1.1. For: limited power in federal government, free trade, local rule
1.7.1.1.2. Against: corporate monopolies, high tariffs, National Bank
1.7.1.2. Whigs - Led by Henry Clay, inspired by Hamilton and the Federalists
1.7.1.2.1. For: vigorous and involved central government, National Bank, protective tariffs, federally funded internal improvements
1.7.1.2.2. Against: crimes being committed by immigrants
1.7.1.3. Most contentious debates over federal power
1.7.1.3.1. Tariffs - tax on imported goods
1.7.1.3.2. National Bank
1.7.1.3.3. Internal Improvements
1.7.1.3.4. Jackson's Indian Removal Policy
1.8. Topic 9: The Development of AMERICAN Culture
1.8.1. Americans wanted their own unique identities not borrowed from others like from Europeans
1.8.1.1. Romanticism - exchanged the rational thinking of the Enlightenment for the warmth of desire & emotion and the belief in human perfectibility
1.8.1.1.1. Architecture
1.8.1.1.2. Literature
1.8.1.1.3. Art
1.8.1.1.4. Philosophy
1.9. Topic 10: The SECOND Great Awakening
1.9.1. Second Great Awakening - a series of religious revivals among Protestant Christians that emphasized righteous living, personal restraint, and a strong moral rectitude that would lead a person and society to salvation
1.9.1.1. Camp meetings - organized by Baptists and Methodists where multiple preachers spoke with great emotion throughout the day
1.9.1.2. Causes
1.9.1.2.1. The Market Revolution taught people that economic success was largely in their own hands and if they worked hard and dedicated to improvement, they would be successful
1.9.1.2.2. Rising tide of democratic and individualistic beliefs
1.9.1.2.3. Rejection of rationalism in favor of Romanticism
1.10. Topic 11: An Age of REFORM
1.10.1. Reform movements were occasioned by the cultural and economic shifts resulting from the Market Revolution
1.10.1.1. The Market Revolution had embedded the idea that economic improvement was from hard work and industry, and with expanding democracy people felt they had to participate in the democracy process
1.10.1.1.1. Religious Reform
1.10.1.1.2. Temperance - the avoidance of alcoholic beverages
1.10.1.1.3. Abolitionism - movement to end slavery
1.10.1.1.4. Women's Rights
1.11. Topic 12: African Americans in the Early Republic
1.11.1. In the midst of the dehumanization of slavery, enslaved people carved out a unique social identity and rich culture by resisting dehumanization in subtle or violent ways
1.11.1.1. Culture
1.11.1.1.1. Slaves addressed each other by their African names even when they were given English names to sustain the memory of their culture and communal heritage
1.11.1.1.2. Slaves' cultures spread around the South when slaves interacted with each other
1.11.1.2. Revolution
1.11.1.2.1. Slave rebellions were fears of slave-holding elites
1.12. Topic 13: The SOCIETY OF THE SOUTH in the Early Republic
1.12.1. Yeoman Farmers - a majority of white farmers in the South were yeoman farmers, independent farmers who worked their own plot of land
1.12.1.1. Most believed in slavery, but some especially on the frontier, challenged these ideas, wanting a gradual abolition of slavery
1.12.1.1.1. Even with gaining voting power, yeoman farmers couldn't do much to change the system because cotton fueled the southern economy
2. Unit 5: 1844-1877
2.1. Topic 2: Manifest DESTINY
2.1.1. Manifest Destiny - Newspaper editor John O'Sullivan gave the American impulse of westward expansion a name, and defined it as the right for Americans to possess the continent from sea to sea, and that Providence, or God, gave Americans this right (July 1845)
2.1.1.1. Practical reasons for westward expansion
2.1.1.1.1. Americans needed more access to minerals and natural resources
2.1.1.1.2. People wanted to look for more economic and homesteading opportunities
2.1.1.1.3. People wanted religious refuge
2.1.1.2. The idea of Manifest Destiny also made its way to those in power
2.1.1.2.1. James K. Polk - elected president in 1844, he was big believer in manifest destiny and looked to add new territories to the Union, mainly Texas and Oregon (1844)
2.2. Topic 3: The MEXICAN-AMERICAN War
2.2.1. Causes
2.2.1.1. Texas declared its independence which Mexico didn't recognize, but tensions calmed down as along as Texas remained independent (1836)
2.2.1.1.1. Mexico would fight if Texas was annexed by the US, which is why Jackson, Van Buren, William Henry Harrison, and Tyler all decided against annexation
2.2.2. Effects
2.2.2.1. Wilmot Proviso - Congressman David Wilmot made an amendment to an appropriations bill that proposed any land from the victory of the war be off limits to the expansion of slavery, it was voted down (1846)
2.2.2.1.1. Free Soil - those who voted down the Wilmot Proviso weren't necessarily abolitionists, but they wanted the acquired additional land for homesteaders to be settled on with or without competition from the system of slavery
2.2.2.2. American armies gained enough ground in order to claim the California and New Mexico Territories
2.2.2.2.1. Under General Winfield Scott, the American troops conquered and occupied Mexico City, forcing Mexico to negotiate
2.2.2.3. The vast majority of non-Americans, mainly Mexicans and natives, stayed in the territories after it changed hands from Mexico to the US
2.2.2.3.1. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo granted US citizenship to Mexicans in the territory, but natives were not given that offer
2.3. Topic 4: The COMPROMISE of 1850
2.3.1. The Mexican Cession in 1848 caused a lot of tension about slavery even before the war ended when the Wilmot Proviso was narrowly defeated in Congress
2.3.1.1. The Southern Position
2.3.1.1.1. They argued slavery was a constitutional right and where it could be was already decided in the Missouri Compromise
2.3.1.2. Free Soil Movement
2.3.1.2.1. Composed of Northern Democrats and Whigs, they wanted new territories acquired to be the dominion of free laborers, not enslaved ones
2.3.1.3. Popular Sovereignty
2.3.1.3.1. They argued the people in each territory should decide the slavery question for themselves
2.3.1.4. When the war ended and all the new territory came in, the fight grew more intense as California and New Mexico entered as free states
2.3.1.4.1. Southern states threatened secession because it upset the balance of power in the Senate, meaning they could not pass laws in favor of their position or stop laws against their position in the Senate, which could lead to the end of slavery
2.4. Topic 5: SECTIONAL Conflict: Regional Differences
2.4.1. Slavery
2.4.1.1. North
2.4.1.1.1. Economy stimulated by free wage laborers working manufacturing jobs in factories, population was growing rapidly
2.4.1.2. South
2.4.1.2.1. Economy fueled by enslaved labor working on agricultural plantations
2.4.2. Immigration
2.4.2.1. Years prior to the Civil War, a lot of Irish and German immigrants arrived to the US
2.4.2.1.1. Cultural Enclaves - Immigrants lived in ethnic communities where they kept alive their culture
2.4.2.1.2. In response to increasing immigration grew an anti-Catholic nativist movement concerned with limiting immigrants' cultural and political influence
2.5. Topic 6: The FAILURE of Compromise Pre-Civil War
2.5.1. Attempts at compromise
2.5.1.1. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 - Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois proposed territory above the line drawn by the Compromise of 1820 be divided into two parts: the Kansas territory and the Nebraska territory, and that each territory would decide by popular sovereignty whether to allow slavery or not (1854)
2.5.1.1.1. Congress passed the law, which overturned the Compromise of 1820, upsetting northerners
2.5.1.2. Dred Scott Decision of 1857
2.5.1.2.1. Dred Scott was slave who lived in Missouri. His master took him to live in Illinois and Wisconsin where slavery was illegal, so Scott sued his master for freedom, arguing he had lived in free territory for 2 years
2.5.2. Effects on political parties
2.5.2.1. Increasing division over slavery weakened the two-party system significantly
2.5.2.1.1. As a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Whig Party became bitterly divided into two factions
2.5.2.1.2. The Democratic Party gained strength as a regional, proslavery party
2.5.2.1.3. The Republican Party was born which gathered together under one banner a diverse group of members (1854)
2.6. Topic 7: The Election of 1860 and SECESSION
2.6.1. Election of 1860
2.6.1.1. Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas (Kansas-Nebraska guy) as their candidate
2.6.1.1.1. The Democratic Party was not unified entering the election, being split into three factions
2.6.1.2. Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln who ran on a free soil platform
2.6.1.2.1. Lincoln emphasized his intentions of not abolishing slavery where it already existed
2.6.1.3. Lincoln won 40% of the popular vote and carried the electoral vote, winning the presidency WITHOUT a single electoral vote from the South
2.6.1.3.1. This showed the South that even putting all their political power in a high stakes decision wasn't enough to prevail, so they asked how long they could stay in the Union with the dominating North, who in their eyes was trying to destroy them
2.7. Topic 8: MILITARY Conflict in the CIVIL WAR
2.7.1. Advantages of both sides
2.7.1.1. South
2.7.1.1.1. Fought a defensive war, possessed far greater and more experienced military leaders (Robert E. Lee & Stonewall Jackson)
2.7.1.2. North
2.7.1.2.1. 4x the population of the South; Possessed a robust navy to control seas and rivers; Controlled majority of banks, manufacturing, and railroads; Well-established central government
2.7.2. Mobilizing economies
2.7.2.1. North
2.7.2.1.1. Manufacturers rapidly modernized their productive capacity
2.7.2.2. South
2.7.2.2.1. Relief on tariffs and taxes on exports for revenue
2.7.3. Opposition to the war
2.7.3.1. South
2.7.3.1.1. Introduced a war tax but because the Confederacy was founded on states' rights, many people and states refused to fund the war effort with their tax money
2.7.3.2. North
2.7.3.2.1. The North dealt with a lot more opposition
2.7.4. The War
2.7.4.1. At first, Lincoln didn't want to start a war over southern secession until an incident at Fort Sumter
2.7.4.1.1. Fort Sumter - Union federal possession in Confederate South Carolina, South Carolinians cut supply lines to the fort from the North, and Lincoln announced he would send supplies to the Union troops trapped there
2.8. Topic 9: GOVERNMENT Policies During the CIVIL WAR
2.8.1. Emancipation Proclamation
2.8.1.1. Did not end slavery in border states, but effectively cut off European support for the South, especially Britain who abolished slavery in 1833, and created the occasion for slaves to escape to Union camps, with some even taking up arms against the South
2.8.2. Gettysburg Address (Nov. 19, 1863)
2.8.2.1. Lincoln sought to unify the nation and portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America's founding democratic ideals by delivering this speech at the dedication of the Gettysburg cemetery
2.9. Topic 10: RECONSTRUCTION
2.9.1. Reconstruction - the process of reuniting the North and the South back together
2.9.1.1. Reconstruction policies
2.9.1.1.1. How should the Confederacy be treated?
2.9.1.1.2. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
2.9.1.1.3. Women's Rights
2.10. Topic 11: The FAILURE of RECONSTRUCTION
2.10.1. Southern society after the war
2.10.1.1. The black population, with their new freedom, gained independence from white control, establishing black schools and colleges like Morehouse and Howard, some even got elected to some representative offices
2.10.1.1.1. Freedmen's Bureau - reunited families separated by slavery and arranged for their education and social welfare
2.10.1.2. How the South remained the same before and after the war
2.10.1.2.1. All of this happened under federal occupation
2.10.1.2.2. With slavery abolished by the 13th Amendment, they found workers for fields by employing black workers who signed contracts that bound them perpetually to the plantation and gave plantation owners the right to extract unlimited labor from them, essentially slavery
2.10.1.2.3. White Supremacy
2.10.2. End of Reconstruction (1877)
2.10.2.1. Officially ended because of the of 1876 between Samuel Tilden and Rutherford B. Hayes (1876)
2.10.2.1.1. Tilden won the majority popular vote, but neither Tilden nor Hayes gained enough electoral votes
2.10.2.2. More northerners were more concerned with industrial development than the race problem in the South
3. Unit 6: 1865-1898
3.1. Topic 2: Westward Expansion: Economic Development
3.1.1. Farmers and Agriculture
3.1.1.1. Good Effects
3.1.1.1.1. The mechanization of agriculture was taking place, farming was becoming done with machines such as the mechanical reaper and combine harvesters
3.1.1.2. Bad Effects
3.1.1.2.1. Industrial trusts kept manufactured goods at high prices, which farmers had trouble paying
3.1.1.2.2. Farmers relied on railroads to transport crops, and railroad owners charged unusually high prices
3.1.1.2.3. National Grange Movement - a collective movement aimed at bringing isolated farmers together for socialization and education (1868)
3.1.2. Railroads
3.1.2.1. The federal government, wanting people to move west and settle, saw the potential of railroads and passed laws to achieve this
3.1.2.1.1. Pacific Railroad Acts - the federal government granted huge swaths of land to railroad companies who would build a transcontinental railroad
3.1.2.1.2. Homestead Act of 1862 - granted potential migrants 160 acres of free land out west on the condition they would farm and settle it (1862)
3.1.3. Gold and Silver
3.1.3.1. People began moving west to find gold when the California Gold Rush happened (1848)
3.1.3.1.1. Over the next four decades, more gold and silver was discovered in many other locations, for example...
3.2. Topic 3: Westward Expansion: SOCIAL & CULTURAL Development
3.2.1. Americans started pushing westward again in hopes of achieving self-sufficiency and independence (1865)
3.2.1.1. By the end of the 19th century, the vast majority of the frontier was settled
3.2.1.1.1. Transcontinental Railroads and the Homestead Act encouraged the migration
3.2.1.1.2. The US Census Bureau declared the frontier was officially settled right after opening the Oklahoma Territory for settlement (1890)
3.3. Topic 4: The "NEW" South
3.3.1. New South - Henry Grady, a newspaper editor for The Atlanta Constitution, coined the phrase, laying out the ideas of a New South
3.3.1.1. Grady envisioned a future for the south based on economic diversity, industrial growth, and laissez-faire capitalism similar to the north
3.3.1.1.1. Southern cities began growing alongside industrial centers built with them
3.3.1.1.2. The rate of population growth and miles of new railroad constructed equaled or surpassed any other place in the country
3.3.1.1.3. The South mostly remained agricultural, as this change took place in a few isolated cities
3.3.1.1.4. The South didn't change in regards to racial segregation
3.4. Topic 5: TECHNOLOGICAL Innovation in the Gilded Age
3.4.1. Changes from Industrialization
3.4.1.1. Prior: Americans made things either to use for themselves or to be sold locally, or at most regionally
3.4.1.2. During: Americans began mass-producing goods to be sold all over the world
3.4.2. Technology
3.4.2.1. Railroad
3.4.2.1.1. Quick and easy means of transporting goods created the occasion for a national market, and the easiness of transporting long distances opened up mass production and mass consumption
3.4.2.2. Steel
3.4.2.2.1. Bessemer Process - Englishman Henry Bessemer patented a process for making stronger quality steel (1850s)
3.4.2.3. Coal
3.4.2.3.1. First major source of energy for industrialization in factories and locomotives, specifically anthracite coal found mainly in Western Pennsylvania
3.4.2.4. Oil
3.4.2.4.1. Surpassed coal as the main fuel of industry and later automobiles
3.4.2.5. Telegraph (1844)
3.4.2.5.1. Invented by Samuel Morse, telegraph wires multiplied significantly in this period
3.4.2.6. Telephone (1876)
3.4.2.6.1. Invented by Alexander Graham Bell, it contributed the same effects as the telegraph
3.5. Topic 6: The Rise of INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
3.5.1. Industrialism - the change in the way things are made for sale, specifically the move toward mass production and mass consumption of goods
3.5.1.1. The Gilded Age - this period of US history, described as seeming like gold on the outside, but with problems internally (1865-1898)
3.5.1.1.1. In the Gilded Age, small, locally owned businesses became obsolete and defunct due to the rise of large corporations and trusts that eventually dominated industries (railroad, steel, oil)
3.6. Topic 7: LABOR in the Gilded Age
3.6.1. Industrialization drew a dividing line between the rich and the poor
3.6.1.1. Rich
3.6.1.1.1. Conspicuous Consumption - coined by economist Thornstein Vaben, its the practice of the rich displaying their wealth for everyone to see
3.6.1.2. Poor
3.6.1.2.1. Many people lived in poverty, wages below standard of living, waves of economic turmoil
3.6.1.2.2. In order for workers to address the problems of larger corporations, they formed labor unions
3.7. Topic 8: IMMIGRATION and MIGRATION in the Gilded Age
3.7.1. Immigration - when people move from one country to another
3.7.1.1. The US population grew 3x as a massive wave of immigrants arrived
3.7.1.1.1. East Coast
3.7.1.1.2. West Coast
3.7.1.1.3. Before the Civil War, different social classes lived together in cities
3.7.2. Migration - when people move within the same country from region to region
3.7.2.1. Exoduster Movement - mass migration of Southern black people into the west due to the end of Reconstruction and the rise of Jim Crow Laws and the KKK (1870s)
3.7.2.1.1. They moved to Kansas, Oklahoma, and Colorado
3.7.2.1.2. Organizations such as the Colored Relief Board and Kansas Freedmen's Aid Society aided people in this movement
3.7.2.1.3. The most successful Exodusters settled in Kansas urban centers and worked as domestic servants or trade workers
3.8. Topic 9: RESPONSES to Immigration in the GILDED AGE
3.8.1. Debates over immigrants and the identity of America among Americans rose as more came to America from Europe and Asia
3.8.1.1. East Coast
3.8.1.1.1. The growing popularity of Social Darwinism made immigrants face philosophical racism
3.8.1.1.2. Nativism - A policy of protecting the interests of native born people over against the interests of immigrants
3.8.1.1.3. Labor unions feared the influx of immigrants who were desperate for work and would be hired for meager wages
3.8.1.2. West Coast
3.8.1.2.1. Immigrants, mainly Chinese, came to America in large numbers, and were responsible for
3.8.1.3. Many immigrants partially assimilated and partially held onto their ethnic identities
3.8.1.4. Jane Addams - she could see immigrants were struggling in Chicago, so she sought to do something by establishing...
3.8.1.4.1. Settlement Houses - help immigrants assimilate to American society to find better economic and social opportunities
3.9. Topic 10: Development of the MIDDLE CLASS
3.9.1. During the Gilded Age, business practices changed significantly in many industries
3.9.1.1. Large corporations were divided into three: Executives at the top, Managers in middle, and Laborers at the bottom
3.9.1.1.1. Managers, who were referred to as white-collar workers, kept day-to-day operations running and never got their hands dirty with manual labor
3.10. Topic 11: REFORM in the Gilded Age
3.10.1. Before, skilled laborers and craftsmen crafted items by hand, but in the Gilded Age, unskilled laborers mass produced goods in factories
3.10.1.1. Laissez-Faire Capitalism - little government intervention in the economic operations of businesses, which allowed these businesses to flourish for the upper class
3.10.1.1.1. The lower class worked in dangerous conditions for little wages and for very long hours
3.10.2. Women in the reform movement
3.10.2.1. Jane Addams - settlement houses and assimilating immigrants
3.10.2.2. Women's Suffrage - women's rights to vote
3.10.2.2.1. National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) - Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony founded NAWSA which worked to secure the franchise for women (1890)
3.10.2.3. Temperance - movement against alcohol consumption
3.10.2.3.1. Drunkenness was a problem among urban male factory workers which led to the growing impoverishment of the working class
3.11. Topic 12: CONTROVERSIES Over the Role of GOVERNMENT in the Gilded Age
3.11.1. One of fiercest debates was over the role of government in the industrializing US economy
3.11.1.1. Against Government Regulation
3.11.1.1.1. Laissez-Faire - French for "leave alone" or "let alone"
3.11.1.2. For Government Regulation
3.11.1.2.1. Unfair labor practices, growing gap between the rich and the poor, dangerous conditions for workers
3.12. Topic 13: POLITICS in the Gilded Age
3.12.1. Politics was largely hands off because of laissez-faire attitude toward government intervention
3.12.1.1. This lead to lots of corruption
3.12.1.1.1. The major parties were the Democrats and Republicans who aligned similarly to divisions in the Civil War