1. Temperature
2. Thermometer
3. Kelvin Scale
4. Potential Energy
5. Thermal Energy
6. Substances
7. Compound
8. Periodic Table of Elements
9. Science vocabulary terms.
9.1. pressure and volume
9.2. Number of particles
9.3. pressure and states of matter
9.3.1. kjb
10. Unit 2 - Module 1 - Lesson 4 - Vocabulary Terms
10.1. Physical Weathering
10.1.1. Dominate in mountain or polar regions. More likely to occur in winter
10.2. Frost Wedging
10.2.1. Frost Wedging -The freezing and thawing causes alternate expansion and contraction of rocks eventually breaking them apart.
10.3. Plant Action
10.3.1. “Biological Action” - With plant growth the root system will increase in volume and cause cracks in the rock to expand.
10.4. Abrasion
10.4.1. Abrasion- When ice, water, or wind causes sediments to have collisions with other rocks.
10.5. Wind Abrasion
10.5.1. Wind abrasion is similar to sandblasting and slowly weathers the rock down. Wind abrasion occurs in arid environments
10.6. Water Abrasion
10.6.1. Water abrasion occurs in moist and humid climates Water produces rounded fragments as the sediments are rolled and bounced along the stream bottom.
10.7. Glacial Abrasion
10.7.1. Glacial Abrasion occurs when sediments are trapped within the ice and scrape against the bedrock. Forming Striations (Scratches) in the Rock
10.8. Oxidation
10.8.1. Oxidation – Oxygen combines with minerals to form oxides. (iron + oxygen = Rust) Oxidation weakens the rock making it softer.
10.9. Hydrolysis
10.9.1. Hydrolysis- minerals absorb water and chemically change the composition of the material For example, granite contains mica. Mica has a weak chemical composition and absorb water. This will turn granite into clay
10.10. Erosion
10.10.1. The process by which the products of weathering, such as sediment, are transported from one location to another.
10.11. Deposition
10.11.1. The laying down or settling of eroded material
10.12. Small Scale Erosion
10.12.1. Small Scale- small amounts of sediment being moved constantly to provide ecosystem stability
10.13. surface runoff
10.13.1. Surface runoff When water flows over the Earth’s surface
10.14. Coastal Erosion
10.14.1. Beach, dunes and vegetation is taken away by waves and wind
10.15. Large Scale Erosion
10.15.1. Large Scale- sudden movements of large amounts of sediment. This can wipe out whole ecosystems and make room for new ones to grow
10.16. Mass Wasting
10.16.1. Mass Wasting When a large mass of sediment or rock moves down a slope under the influence of gravity
10.17. Glacial Movement
10.17.1. Glacial Movement Huge blocks of ice that slowly move across land
11. Unit 2 Module 1 Lesson 5 Vocabulary Terms
11.1. Rock
11.1.1. A naturally occuring solid composed of minerals, rock fragments, and sometimes other materials such as organic matter.
11.2. Mineral
11.2.1. a naturally occuring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and definite chemical composition
11.3. Crystallization
11.3.1. The process by which atoms form a solid with an ordelu\y, reapeting pattern.
11.4. Igneous extrusive rock
11.4.1. when lava cools and crystalizes on earths surface the igneous rock that forms is called extrusive rock.
11.5. Igneous intrusive rock
11.5.1. when magma cools and crystalizes inside of earth, the igneous rock that forms is called intrusive rock
11.6. Sedimentary rock
11.6.1. sediment that turns into rock.
11.7. Lithification
11.7.1. the process through which sediment turns into rock.
11.8. Compaction
11.8.1. a process in which the weight from the layers of the sediemnt forces out fluids and decreases the space between sediment grains.
11.9. Cementation
11.9.1. a process in which minerals dissolved in water crystalize between sediment grains.
11.10. Metamorphic rock
11.10.1. when temperature and pressure combine and change the texture, mineral, composition, or chemical composition of a rock without melting it, a metamorphic rock forms.
12. Unit 2 - Module 2 - Vocabulary Terms
12.1. Earthquakes and plate boundaries
12.1.1. Earthquakes result from the buildup and release of stress along active plate boundaries. Sort of like bending a stick until it breaks.
12.2. Richter Magnitude scale
12.2.1. Richter scale begins at zero, without an upper limit to the scale. Each increase of 1 unit on the scale represents tne times the amount of ground motion of a seismic wave.
12.3. Earthquake magnitude scale
12.3.1. Numerical rating system that measures the energy or magnitude of the largest seismic waves produced by an earthquake.
12.4. Moment magnitude scale
12.4.1. A rating scale that measures the energy released by an earthquake. This takes into account the size, motion, and strength of the fault.
12.5. Modified Mercalli intensity scale
12.5.1. This measures an earthquake's intensity based on the descriptions of the earthquakes effects on people and structures.
12.6. Pancaking
12.6.1. Supporting walls of the ground floor of a building fail and cause the upper floors to collapse.
12.7. Liquefaction
12.7.1. Soil under the buildings causes the building to sink into it and collapse
12.8. Landslide
12.8.1. Rapid downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders.
12.9. Tsunami
12.9.1. Large ocean wave generated by vertical motion of the seafloor during an earthquake.
13. Unit 3 - Module 1 - Lesson 1 - Vocabulary Terms
13.1. Natural resource
13.1.1. Something on Earth that living things need in order to live. This is a general statement that covers everything we need, such as air, soil, timber, water, etc.
13.2. Ores
13.2.1. Deposits of minerals that are large enough to be mined for a profit These include copper, quartz, etc.
13.3. Renewable Resources
13.3.1. These can be replaced by natural processes in a short amount of time. This includes air, water, sunlight etc.
13.4. Nonrenewable resources
13.4.1. Natural resources that are being used up faster than they can be replaced. This includes fossil fuels, and some minerals
14. Unit 2 - Module 2 - Lesson 3 - Vocabulary Terms
14.1. Hurricane
14.1.1. Intense tropical storm with winds exceeding 119 km/h. Usually start near west coast of Northern Africa because of warm ocean water and humid air.
14.2. Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale
14.2.1. Based on wind strength and damage caused by hurricanes. Ranked from a category 1, to a category 5.
14.3. Tornado
14.3.1. Violent whirling column of air in contact with the ground. These occur almost everywhere and most commonly found in the US.
14.4. Enhanced Fujita Damage Intensity scale
14.4.1. This is a scale developed to classify tornadoes based on the damage they cause. This is on a scale of 0-5.
14.5. Flood
14.5.1. This occurs when a large volume of water overflows its boundaries. These are caused by powerful storms or persistent rains.
14.6. Drought
14.6.1. Extended period of well below average rainfall. High pressure weather systems sinking air blocking moisture from forming into clouds. More common in summer because of the heat.
14.7. Drought hazard - soil erosion
14.7.1. If plants die because of a lack of water, the top layer of soil can be removed by wind.
14.8. Drought hazard - wildfires
14.8.1. Lightning strikes can start these during dry conditions. These cause extensive amount of damage to the ecosystems.
14.9. Drought hazard - decrease in water supply
14.9.1. Water levels in streams rivers and reservoirs will shrink during times of drought.
14.10. Drought hazard - agricultural impact
14.10.1. Dry conditions cause limited water supply for animals and crop irrigation. This can affect harvests and food prices.
14.11. Meteorologists
14.11.1. Meteorologists are scientists who study weather. They will try to predict them using data that is collected from all over the world.
15. 7 - Unit 2 - Module 2 - Lesson 2
15.1. Volcano belts
15.1.1. Volcanoes form at active plate boundaries. There are two major belts. One is the Ring of Fire, and the other is the Alpide belt
15.2. Hot spots
15.2.1. Volcanoes not associated with plate boundaries are hot spots. An example is the Hawaiian Islands which are over the Pacific Plate
15.3. Volcanic Hazard - Mudflows
15.3.1. Melted snow and ice with ash, sometimes called lahars
15.4. Volcanic Hazard - Lava Flows
15.4.1. Slow moving lava that hardens as it cools down
15.5. Volcanic Hazard - Volcanic Ash
15.5.1. Volcanic ash can disrupt air traffic, damage crops, and air quality
15.6. Volcanic Hazard - Volcanic Gases
15.6.1. Dissolved gases in magma such as sulfur dioxide and tons of CO2
15.7. Volcanic Hazard - Landslides
15.7.1. When the volcano shakes the terrain, rocks and particles fall
15.8. Volcanic Hazard - Pyroclastic Flows
15.8.1. Fast moving avalanches of hot gas, ash and rock
15.9. Predicting Volcanoes - Gas
15.9.1. Gases are collected in vents, certain gases are warnings
15.10. Predicting Volcanoes - Deformation
15.10.1. Ground will begin to change close to eruption
15.11. Predicting Volcanoes - Ground Vibration
15.11.1. Earthquake is an indicator of an impending implosion
15.12. Predicting Volcanoes - Remote Sensing
15.12.1. Remote sensing can show how much heat a volcano is emitting
15.13. Predicting Volcanoes - Lava Collection
15.13.1. Collection of samples to analyze composition, heat
16. Unit 2 Module 1 Lesson 3
16.1. Convergent Boundary
16.1.1. When two plates move toward each other.
16.2. Divergent Boundary
16.2.1. When two plates move apart from each other
16.3. Transform Boundary
16.3.1. When plates slide horizontally past each other
16.4. Subduction
16.4.1. When the leading edge of a plate is folded upward, such as the Andes.
16.5. fault
16.5.1. A break in Earth’s crust along which movement occurs.
16.6. Fault Block Mountains
16.6.1. Where plates move apart, the tension causes the Earth’s crust to stretch. This can create mountains as the tensions pull the crust apart. An example is the Basin and Range Province where mountains are oriented north to south.
16.7. Volcano
16.7.1. A vent in Earth’s crust through which molten rock flows
16.8. Volcanic Arc
16.8.1. Volcanos that emerge as islands that is a curved line parallel to a plate boundary.
16.9. Earthquake
16.9.1. Rupture and sudden movement along the Earth’s Crust. This is from the buildup and rapid release of stress in the plate boundaries.
16.10. Fault Zone
16.10.1. Area of many large fractured pieces of crust along a large fault, such as the San Andreas fault.
16.11. Landslide
16.11.1. Rapid downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders.
16.12. Tsunami
16.12.1. A wave that forms when an ocean disturbance suddenly moves a large volume of water.
16.13. Impact Crater
16.13.1. Meteoroids from space strike the Earth’s surface leaving behind large impressions.
17. unit 2 module 1 lesson 2
17.1. Ocean Floor topography
17.1.1. This is data scientists gathered about the map of the sea floor. This was done using sonar technology
17.2. Mid ocean ridges
17.2.1. Vast mountain ranges deep below the ocean's surface
17.3. Ocean trenches
17.3.1. Deep underwater troughs on the sea floor. The deepest in the world is the Mariana Trench
17.4. Isochron Maps
17.4.1. Maps that show the age of the ocean floor.
17.5. Seafloor spreading
17.5.1. The process by which new oceanic crust continuously forms along mid ocean ridges and is destroyed at ocean trenches
17.6. Magma
17.6.1. Molten rock below Earth’s Surface. It is less dense than the surrounding rocks and rises up.
17.7. Lava
17.7.1. Magma that has erupted on the surface of Earth.
17.8. Plate Tectonics
17.8.1. Earth’s surface is made of rigid slabs of rock that move with respect to one another.
18. Chemical Formula
19. Subduction Zones
20. Distribution of minerals
21. Soil
22. Formation of Coal
23. Porosity
24. Unit 3 - Module 1 - Lesson 3 - Vocabulary Terms
24.1. Mining
24.1.1. Mining is the process by which valuable resources are removed from Earth, such as metals, stones and diamonds
24.2. Dwindling Deposits
24.2.1. Population growth and industrialization increases the demand for minerals. This is non renewable which means there is only a finite amount
24.3. Mineral Supplies
24.3.1. Supplies for minerals have been prolonged because scientists have found better ways to locate deposits and to extract more minerals from the low grade supplies at hand
24.4. Fossil fuel extraction
24.4.1. Deposits are collected by drilling down into the ground. This disturbs habitats and changes the landscape, causing pollution if unregulated.
24.5. Groundwater overdraft
24.5.1. Groundwater overdraft is where groundwater withdrawn from aquifers are unable to be replaced from excessive pumping
25. Groundwater
26. Solid State
27. Liquid State
28. Gas State
29. Kinetic Energy
30. Atoms
31. Elements
32. Unit 3 - Module 1 - Lesson 2 - Vocabulary Terms
32.1. Hydrothermal deposits
32.1.1. Deposits for metallic minerals such as copper, gold silver, are associated with plate tectonics. They form when minerals crystalize from fluids that react to rocks. These are located near subduction zones, where one plate sinks beneath another.
32.2. Subduction Zones
32.2.1. Areas where one tectonic plate sinks beneath another. These can have minerals that crystallize from hydrothermal deposits. They come out of vents
32.3. Distribution of minerals
32.3.1. Many deposits form at the bottom of the ocean floor, with rocks that are uplifted to become dry land. These minerals take generations to create and form and are limited.
32.4. Soil
32.4.1. Loose, weathered material that comes primarily from the breakdown of rocks
32.5. 5 Factors of soil formation
32.5.1. Weathering is constantly acting on the formation of soil over time. Each layer has different characteristics.
32.6. Formation of Coal
32.6.1. Coal comes from dead plants that are buried into the ground and compacted into dense, hardened material
32.7. Formation of Oil and Natural Gas
32.7.1. Oil and natural gas comes from dead animals that are buried into the ground and broken down. The liquids left behind is oil, and if greater pressure is applied they can turn into gas that is trapped underneath the surface.
32.8. Porosity
32.8.1. The amount of pore space in a material. The greater this is, the more water can be stored into there such as limestone.
32.9. Permeability
32.9.1. The measure of water’s ability to flow through sediment and rock is called permeability.
32.10. Groundwater
32.10.1. Freshwater beneath the earth’s surface is in more abundance than that above land. The rocks that make up the surface have tiny openings that allow water to go through
32.11. Groundwater distribution
32.11.1. Supplies are limited to the water cycle, with rainfall bringing water from large oceans and circulating them. This is based on where it rains (precipitation), where it flows (runoff), and what kind of soil it settles onto.
33. Molecule
34. Matter
35. Element Symbols
36. Science vocabulary Unit 2 Module 1 lesson 1
36.1. Pangea
36.1.1. All of the continents that were once joined together in a single supercontinent, which later drifted apart.
36.2. Continental Drift
36.2.1. When Earth's continents have slowly been moving.
36.3. Rock formation evidence
36.3.1. A Large geologic structures such as mountain ranges were separated as continents drifted apart. Evidence are volcanic rocks showing identical chemistry and age.
36.4. Glacial features evidence
36.4.1. Glacial grooves that were found beneath sediments of different continents showing they were once together.
36.5. Coal Deposit evidence
36.5.1. The presence of the coal beds in antarctica show that the land once had a tropical climate. This means antarctica was close to the equator in the past.
36.6. Fossil Evidence
36.6.1. Fossils that are shown across continents that are nowadays far apart, but once were very close together. An example is glossopteris, as well as reptiles such as mesosaurus.
36.7. Alfred Wegener
36.7.1. A Scientist that hypothesized continental drift in the past.
37. 5 Factors of soil formation
38. Formation of Oil and Natural Gas
39. Permeability
40. Groundwater distribution
41. Unit 3 - Module 2 - Lesson 1 - Vocabulary Terms
42. Water Cycle
42.1. Water Cycle
42.2. - Evaporation / Transpiration
42.2.1. Water turns from liquid to gas
42.3. - Condensation
42.3.1. Water forms clouds in the air
42.4. - Precipitation
42.4.1. Water comes back down from rain/snow
42.5. - Run Off
42.5.1. Water hits mountains and carves rivers, flows into lakes or oceans
42.6. - Seepage
42.6.1. Water is absorbed into the ground
43. - Evaporation / Transpiration
44. - Condensation
45. - Precipitation
46. - Run Off
47. - Seepage
48. - Precipitation
48.1. - Precipitation
48.1.1. Water brings N2 as a gas to the ground in water
48.2. - Nitrogen Fixation
48.2.1. Bacteria take N2 from rain, and make into ammonia
48.3. - Ammonification
48.3.1. Bacteria turn ammonia into nitrite
48.4. - Nitrification
48.4.1. Bacteria turn nitrites into nitrates
48.5. - Assimilation
48.5.1. Plants take up the fertilizers
48.6. - Denitrification
48.6.1. Bacteria turn nitrates into gas N2
49. - Nitrogen Fixation
50. - Ammonification
51. - Nitrification
52. - Assimilation
53. - Denitrification
54. Unit 4 - Module 2 - Lesson 1 - Vocabulary Terms
54.1. Biosphere
54.1.1. The broadest most inclusive level of organization is the biosphere that includes all living organisms (plants, animals, bacteria) on the planet.
54.2. Biome
54.2.1. Regions on Earth with similar climates
54.3. Ecosystems
54.3.1. Ecosystems includes all the organisms (biotic) and non-living (abiotic)environment found in a particular place.
54.4. Communities
54.4.1. A community includes all the interacting living (biotic) organisms in an area.
54.5. Populations
54.5.1. A population includes all members of the same species that live in one place.
54.6. Organism
54.6.1. The simplest level is a single organism / individual
54.7. Abiotic
54.7.1. The nonliving factors are called abiotic factors and include physical and chemical characteristics of the environment.
54.8. Biotic
54.8.1. The living components of the environment are called biotic factors.
54.9. Limiting Factor
54.9.1. This is what determines how many of a species can be in an area. Determined by: Food Water Shelter
54.10. Biotic Potential
54.10.1. Potential growth in perfect conditions with no limiting factors
54.11. Carrying Capacity
54.11.1. The largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time
54.12. Overpopulation
54.12.1. Populations size grows so large that it causes damage to the environment
54.13. Extinction
54.13.1. Species that has died out when no individuals are left
54.14. Endangered Species
54.14.1. Species whose population is at risk of extinction
54.15. Threatened species
54.15.1. A species that is at risk but not yet endangered
55. Unit 4 - Module 2 - Lesson 2 - Vocabulary Terms
55.1. Symbiosis
55.1.1. A close, long-term relationship between two species that usually involves an exchange of food or energy
55.2. Commensalism
55.2.1. One species benefits and does not harm the other species. Examples are plants that grow on trees or trunks of other objects.
55.3. Parasitism
55.3.1. A symbolic relationship that benefits one species and harms the other. An example is a female wasp, laying eggs in a spider.
55.4. Mutualism
55.4.1. Relationship in which both organisms benefit. Example is clownfish and anemone, where the fish is protected and provides energy in return.
55.5. Cooperative Relationships
55.5.1. This is found within species and how they interact together. This includes elephants working together to raise young.
55.6. competitive Relationship
55.6.1. Organisms sharing the same habitat competing for the same resources. Could be as simple as trees competing for sunlight.
55.7. Predator-prey relationship
55.7.1. This is when one species will consume another.
56. Unit 4 - Module 2 - Lesson 3 - Vocabulary Terms
56.1. Ecological succession
56.1.1. The process of one ecological community gradually changing into another. Small plants begin, then larger plants, and giant ones last.
56.2. Climax Community
56.2.1. A stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes.
56.3. Primary succession
56.3.1. This occurs in new areas of land with little soil or vegetation such as lava flow
56.4. Secondary succession
56.4.1. This is where an ecosystem that is already established has been destroyed and needs to restart. This can be from a forest fire for example.
56.5. Eutrophication
56.5.1. When the water becomes nutrient rich from fertilizer runoff. This can cause large algal blooms that can destroy the oxygen balance in the water.
56.6. Dynamic Equilibrium
56.6.1. This Is the balance between different parts of the ecosystem. Natural disruptions such as forest fires, floods, volcanoes, can change an ecosystem quickly.
56.7. Resource Extraction
56.7.1. Resources such as water and oil can cause problems from drilling and deforestations.
56.8. Pollution
56.8.1. When contaminants are brought into an environment and cause negative change
56.9. Nonnative species
56.9.1. Species lives outside its natural range, introduced through human intervention.
57. Unit 3 - Module 2 - Lesson 1 - Vocabulary Terms
57.1. Material
57.1.1. Matter from which a substance can be made
57.2. Natural Material
57.2.1. Physical matter that is obtained from plants, animals, or the ground
57.3. Synthetic Material
57.3.1. Created/modified in a chemical lab or factory through chemical reactions.
57.4. Reactants to Products
57.4.1. All synthetic materials are the results of chemical reactions. An example is polymerization.
58. Unit 3 - Module 2 - Lesson 2 - Vocabulary Terms
58.1. Natural Resource Availability
58.1.1. Natural resources are distributed unevenly around the world. Some countries, such as China, have large sources of iron ore, whereas Russia has large amounts of timber.
58.2. Synthetic Material Production
58.2.1. Countries that have access to natural materials will be much more readily able to make synthetic materials from these resources. Taiwan is an example of a country that is able to produce computer chips because of its access to semiconductor resources.
58.3. Individual and Societal impacts
58.3.1. Synthetic materials can change the society that it is manufactured in. An example is ethanol, which can be mixed with gasoline. This allows the vehicles to produce less pollution and not depend on pure petroleum based gasoline. This means less smog such as acid rain as a result.
58.4. By-products
58.4.1. These are secondary products that result from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction. An example is CO2 being a by product ethanol creation. This can be beneficial or a waste that needs to be disposed.
59. Unit 4 - Module 1 - Lesson 1 - Vocabulary Terms
59.1. Photosynthesis
59.1.1. Series of chemical reactions that will convert water, CO2, and light into sugar and oxygen. Plants create these sugars as food for themselves to be stored for later use, either on the plant itself, stored as fruit, or in its seeds.
59.2. Epidermal leaf cells
59.2.1. The outer most layer of plant cells is called the epidermal layer (this is also applied to human skin as well)
59.3. Cuticle
59.3.1. The outer layer of leaf cells produces a waxy covering called the cuticle
59.4. Stomata
59.4.1. These are found on the bottom of plant leaves and allow the passage of CO2, water vapor, and oxygen
59.5. Mesophyll Cells
59.5.1. Two kinds of mesophyll cells inside of the leaf. These are palisade at the top, and spongy in the spaces below. These contain chloroplasts
59.6. Chloroplasts
59.6.1. These are the organelles of the plant cells that are responsible for absorbing light. They contain pigments, which are chemicals used to absorb light
59.7. Chlorophyll A and B
59.7.1. Chlorophyll A and B are pigments that are responsible for absorbing light. Plants appear green because these pigments absorb all the colors on the visible spectrum except for the green wavelengths.
59.8. Light Cycle
59.8.1. During the daytime, light is absorbed by chlorophyll A and B, found in chloroplasts, found in leaf cells, on the plant The light absorbed is used to split water, H2O, into Hydrogen and Oxygen The oxygen is released by the plant, it is a waste product for them The hydrogen is stored as energy, to be used at night time
59.9. Night Cycle
59.9.1. The energy stored during the day time, in the form of Hydrogen, is used The gas CO2, is modified and turned into a solid form of sugar because of this energy that was gathered during the day time
59.10. Different sugars
59.10.1. Glucose is the most common sugar that is made by plants The kind of plant determines what kind of sugars get made. These sugars are used as energy immediately by the plant itself, or stored for later use
59.11. Cellular Respiration
59.11.1. The process of taking sugar found in food and turning them into energy called ATP Every cell in your body is capable of this process. The first step of the process is called glycolysis
59.12. Glycolysis
59.12.1. 1st step of getting energy from sugar. This literally means to “split sugar” The 2nd step depends if there is oxygen present or not. If there is oxygen present, the next step is to take the sugar to the mitochondria If no oxygen is present, then the next step is called fermentation
59.13. Mitochondria
59.13.1. The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. Some cells contain more than others. The burning of sugar into ATP is what generates the body heat we feel. This requires the use of oxygen to work. It releases CO2 as a waste product. This is what sugar in your body will turn into. You exhale your mass away (primarily in your sleep)
59.14. Lactic Acid Fermentation
59.14.1. Fermentation in animals will create energy and a byproduct called lactic acid.
59.15. Ethanol Alcohol Fermentation
59.15.1. Fermentation by plant cells will create ethyl alcohol (ethanol) which can be used to create different beverages
60. Unit 4 - Module 1 - Lesson 1
60.1. Photosynthesis
60.1.1. Series of chemical reactions that will convert water, CO2, and light into sugar and oxygen. Plants create these sugars as food for themselves to be stored for later use, either on the plant itself, stored as fruit, or in its seeds.
60.2. Epidermal leaf cells
60.2.1. The outer most layer of plant cells is called the epidermal layer (this is also applied to human skin as well)
60.3. Cuticle
60.3.1. The outer layer of leaf cells produces a waxy covering called the cuticle
60.4. Stomata
60.4.1. These are found on the bottom of plant leaves and allow the passage of CO2, water vapor, and oxygen
60.5. Mesophyll Cells
60.5.1. Two kinds of mesophyll cells inside of the leaf. These are palisade at the top, and spongy in the spaces below. These contain chloroplasts
60.6. Chloroplasts
60.6.1. These are the organelles of the plant cells that are responsible for absorbing light. They contain pigments, which are chemicals used to absorb light.
60.7. Chlorophyll A and B
60.7.1. Chlorophyll A and B are pigments that are responsible for absorbing light. Plants appear green because these pigments absorb all the colors on the visible spectrum except for the green wavelengths.
60.8. Light Cycle
60.8.1. During the daytime, light is absorbed by chlorophyll A and B, found in chloroplasts, found in leaf cells, on the plant The light absorbed is used to split water, H2O, into Hydrogen and Oxygen The oxygen is released by the plant, it is a waste product for them The hydrogen is stored as energy, to be used at night time
60.9. Night Cycle
60.9.1. The energy stored during the day time, in the form of Hydrogen, is used The gas CO2, is modified and turned into a solid form of sugar because of this energy that was gathered during the day time
60.10. Different sugars
60.10.1. Glucose is the most common sugar that is made by plants The kind of plant determines what kind of sugars get made. These sugars are used as energy immediately by the plant itself, or stored for later use
60.11. Cellular Respiration
60.11.1. The process of taking sugar found in food and turning them into energy called ATPEvery cell in your body is capable of this process. You get about 36 ATP on average for each molecule of sugar using oxygen. The first step of the process is called glycolysis
60.12. Glycolysis
60.12.1. 1st step of getting energy from sugar. This literally means to “split sugar” The 2nd step depends if there is oxygen present or not. If there is oxygen present, the next step is to take the sugar to the mitochondria If no oxygen is present, then the next step is called fermentation 1st step of getting energy from sugar. This literally means to “split sugar” The 2nd step depends if there is oxygen present or not. If there is oxygen present, the next step is to take the sugar to the mitochondria If no oxygen is present, then the next step is called fermentation
60.13. Mitochondria
60.13.1. The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. Some cells contain more than others. The burning of sugar into ATP is what generates the body heat we feel. This requires the use of oxygen to work. It releases CO2 as a waste product. This is what sugar in your body will turn into. You exhale your mass away (primarily in your sleep)
60.14. Lactic Acid Fermentation
60.14.1. Fermentation in animals will create energy and a byproduct called lactic acid.
60.15. Ethanol Alcohol Fermentation
60.15.1. Fermentation by plant cells will create ethyl alcohol (ethanol) which can be used to create different beverages
61. Unit 4 - Module 1 - Lesson 2
61.1. Producers
61.1.1. Organisms that make their own food (sugar) from sunlight These are the plants of the planet
61.2. Consumers
61.2.1. Organisms that must eat another organism in order to take its energy Carnivores eat other organism Herbivores eat other plants Omnivores eat both animals and plants
61.3. Primary Consumer
61.3.1. This is an organism that eats plants (usually herbivores)
61.4. Secondary Consumer
61.4.1. This is an organism that eats the animal that eats plants (primary consumers)
61.5. Tertiary Consumer
61.5.1. This is an organism that eats secondary consumers
61.6. Detritivores
61.6.1. Break down dead organisms for their own energy. They decompose them and return the chemicals back into the ecosystem.
61.7. Food Chain
61.7.1. Simple model that shows how energy moves from the sun, to a producer, to one or more consumers The arrow indicates the direction of the flow of energy
61.8. Food Web
61.8.1. This is multiple food chains showing how the communities in the ecosystem are connected.
61.9. Energy Pyramid / 10 % rule
61.9.1. Energy pyramid shows steps, called trophic levels, and how much energy each level has in an ecosystem. Each time energy is consumed, only 10% of the energy is available at the next level for organisms
62. Unit 4 - Module 1 - Lesson 3
62.1. Carbon Cycle
62.1.1. Evaporation / Transpiration - Water turns from liquid to gas Run off - Water hits mountains and carves rivers, flows into lakes or oceans
62.2. - Cellular Respiration
62.2.1. Cellular Respiration - Animals breathe in Oxygen, release CO2
62.3. - Photosynthesis
62.3.1. Photosynthesis - Carbon made into Sugar Plants absorb CO2, release Oxygen
62.4. - Sedimentation
62.4.1. Sedimentation - Carbon Skeletons compressed into rock
62.5. - Decomposition
62.5.1. Decomposition - Carbon breaks down into fossil fuels
62.6. - Fossil Fuels
62.6.1. Fossil Fuels - Dead animals/trees with Carbon
62.7. - Combustion
62.7.1. Combustion - Release Carbon from fossil fuels as CO2
62.8. Water Cycle
62.9. - Evaporation / Transpiration
62.9.1. Evaporation / Transpiration - Water turns from liquid to gas
62.10. - Condensation
62.10.1. Condensation - Water forms clouds in the air
62.11. - Precipitation
62.12. - Run Off
62.12.1. Run off - Water hits mountains and carves rivers, flows into lakes or oceans
62.13. - Seepage
62.13.1. Seepage - Water is absorbed into the groun
62.14. Oxygen Cycle
62.14.1. Cellular Respiration - Animals breathe in Oxygen, release CO2 Photosynthesis - Plants absorb CO2, release Oxygen
62.15. - Cellular Respiration
62.16. Nitrogen Cycle
62.16.1. Precipitation - Water brings N2 as a gas to the ground in water Nitrogen Fixation - Bacteria take N2 from rain, and make into ammonia Ammonification - Bacteria turn ammonia into nitrite Nitrification - Bacteria turn nitrites into nitrates Assimilation - Plants take up the fertilizers Denitrification - Bacteria turn nitrates into gas N2
62.17. - Precipitation
62.17.1. Precipitation - Water comes back down from rain/snow - Water brings N2 as a gas to the ground in water
62.18. - Nitrogen Fixation
62.18.1. Nitrification - Bacteria turn nitrites into nitrates
62.19. - Ammonification
62.19.1. Bacteria turn ammonia into nitrite
62.20. - Nitrification
62.20.1. Bacteria turn nitrites into nitrates
62.21. - Assimilation
62.21.1. Plants take up the fertilizers
62.22. - Denitrification
62.22.1. Bacteria turn nitrates into gas N2