2.1. "The immersion of anthropological fieldworkers for an extended period of time and in the day-to-day activities of the people they study is known as Participant Observation." Pg. 24
2.2. "If the goal of our study is a better understanding of the role played by language in the human condition, we must be guided in our efforts by the desire to improve our communication across social and cultural boundaries." Pg. 27
3. Nuts & Bolts: Phonetics & Phonology
3.1. "In sum, each language has its own distinctive structural characteristics, and these are likely to be overlooked if its structure is accounted for through the grammatical categories of the investigator's mother tongue or some other language serving as a model." Pg. 37
4.2. The study of word structure, including classification of and interrelationships among morphemes, is referred to as Morphology.
5. Non-Verbal Communication
5.1. Non-verbal communication other than spoken words, such as writing, sign language, and body language. Is as old as spoken language and while some things like facial expression are embedded in our DNA, other things like writing, haptics, and kinesics can vary from culture to culture.
5.2. "It is really impossible to say exactly when and where writing first began, but it appears to have diffused more than having been created independently. That is, writing systems developed in many parts of the world, but more cultures borrowed them than invented them." Pg. 97
6. Development and Evolution of Language
6.1. https://youtu.be/eCW0zyDGuXc?si=NUtyQLeV47lQTpJU When We First Talked
6.2. Ape expirements to help us determine if apes were able to learn to communicate with humans or to see if they could learn to speak have failed but Apes did show progress in signing and were able to learn dozens of words. The most famous Gorilla able to sign 600+ words in American Sign Language.
6.3. The Theory of Polygenesis implies that languages spoken today ultimately derive from several unrelated sources in the remote past. (Language, Culture, and Society pg. 128)
7. Aquiring Languages(s): Life with First Languages, Second Languages & More!
7.1. Polyglots are people who can speak several languages fluently
7.2. Behavior Psychology Theory was proposed by B.F Skinner and is "based on a stimulus-response-reward formula.(pg.147) The adults and peers are providing stimuli that the child responds to.
8.1. A Language Family includes all those languages that are related by virtue of having descended by from a single ancestral language. (pg. 159)
8.2. Evolution of Indo-European Languages https://youtu.be/VpXgMdvLUXw?si=3TV0sPSBncj-Y_Kz
8.3. Living Languages change slowsly but constantly. Pg. 175
9. Language In Variation & Ethnography of Communication
9.1. Even though many people speak only one language, they are actively or at least passively acquainted with several dialects and speech styles of that language. (pg. 193)
9.2. Accent expert gives a tour of U.S dialects. https://youtu.be/H1KP4ztKK0A?si=j-HmXHJSccTDfZkd
9.3. English is a lingua granca because of it's use by speakers all across the world in order to bridge the gap in facets of life ranging from entertainment to business.
10. Ethnography of Communication
10.1. The Art of Communication https://youtu.be/c_W6SX6SLdg?si=K5xYqvKZxNTb6q4r
10.2. American students are more confrontational and direct in speaking than Japanese students, this is due to "frame." How one should perform in face-to-face interactions and frames can be culture-specific. This exchange can be interpreted differently and while members will have a meaning they are familiar with in speech situtations it can make others uncomfortable.
11. Culture and Cognition
11.1. As you interact with a culture, your comptenence for communication in that culture grows, but body language or certain words might mean something else to a different culture, even if saying the same word.
11.2. Folk taxonomy is when a language is influenced by local dialect and words like trunk and boot mean the different things to speakers of the same language. folk taxonomy is usually informal for more relaxed speech used in everyday life, and not considered academic
11.3. The Problem with American English https://youtu.be/0zvfk93TM8M?si=z4p2fZRzDqBoUrHxh
12. Language and Ideology
12.1. Gendered Language
12.2. As we have discussed, speech behavior can vary by ethnicity, social class, economics, and geography Researchers have noted that pitch levels amongst men in the United States is low, rarely reach to the highest point “I LOVE IT!”...think about the pitch level difference if this were said by a male or female (Powerpoint).
13. Language Culture and Thought
13.1. the first colors given a word in most languages are usually light, dark and red. This conclusion was determined by an experiment andd proved that language is not influencing thought or behavior and that people of all langueages tend to create words for those prominent colors first.
13.2. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: A theory of relationship between language and thought; also known as the hypothesis of relativity- the belief that language determines the way a speaker percieves the world around them.
14. Language and Ideology: Class, Race, and Ethnicity
14.1. Language ideology-belief about a language held by its users as rationalization for their conceptions. This is how people judge whether to use slang when talking to their teachers would be appropriate, and generally how to speak depending on whose listenign and who they are speaking to.
14.2. Scene from ATL movie https://youtu.be/sHPaxxPCLqs?si=Oe7HFoa3beN_K9ts
14.3. How White Kids act in HS https://youtu.be/VQOoSSp_ZNQ?si=NF_8oy7Sl-OWOUl6
14.4. African American English (AAE), a language variety that has also been identified at different times in dialectology and literary studies as Black English, black dialect, and Negro (nonstandard) English. Since the late 1980s, the term has been used ambiguously, sometimes with reference to only Ebonics, or, as it is known to linguists, African American Vernacular English (AAVE; the English dialect spoken by many African Americans in the United States), and sometimes with reference to both Ebonics and Gullah, the English creole spoken by African Americans in coastal areas of South Carolina and Georgia and on the offshore Sea Islands. ( Brittanica)
14.5. Is "talking white" actually a thing? https://youtu.be/6VRZdJl9GRk?si=-dgWzzw-UKlLUxU9
