1. EDC Case Study: Brazil
1.1. Country Profile
1.1.1. 7th Largest economy in the world
1.1.1.1. GDP per capita grew by almost 20% between 2007 and 2014
1.1.2. Declining birth rate and aging population
1.1.2.1. Migration has contributed to economic growth and development of Brazil over a long time
1.1.3. Part of Mercosur
1.1.3.1. trade bloc between south american countries
1.2. Current Migration trends
1.2.1. 2005 to 2009 Brazil suffered a net migration loss of 500,000
1.2.1.1. This went down to 190,000 loss between 2010 and 2014 due to increased migration in Mercosur bloc
1.2.2. There has been a decline in emigration of lower skilled workers migrating to USA
1.2.2.1. 2014 football world cup and 2010 olympics attracted rise in international labour migrants for construction industry
1.2.3. Changes over time
1.2.3.1. Overall emigration away from Brazil has increased over time
1.2.3.1.1. In 2013 there were 1.77 million Brazilians living abroad
1.2.3.2. A bilateral link between Japan and Brazil has resulted in employment opportunities for Brazilians
1.3. Interdependance with countries connected to Brazil through migrant flows
1.3.1. Brazil <==> Portugal
1.3.1.1. Social
1.3.1.1.1. Brazilian migrants have special status in Portugal (vice versa)
1.3.1.1.2. Share a language and cultural traditions
1.3.1.2. Economic
1.3.1.2.1. Brazilians attracted to portugal for higher wages
1.3.1.2.2. The social diaspora networks of each others populations in each others countries
1.3.2. Brazil <==> USA
1.3.2.1. Socio-economic
1.3.2.1.1. Thousands of low skilled economic migrants work in USA who are able to remit monies
1.3.2.1.2. Returning migrants bring skills that contribute to Brazils development
1.3.2.1.3. Migrants boost US economy through multiplier effect and increasing demand for different markets
1.3.2.2. Enviro-political
1.3.2.2.1. Strengthened countries links with agreements made regarding agriculture, trade and defense
1.3.2.2.2. USAID gives Brazil assistance in sustainable management of rainforests and protecting brazilian people
1.3.3. Brazil <==> Haiti
1.3.3.1. Socio-political
1.3.3.1.1. National immigration council allows Haitian migrants to obtain Brazilian visas easily
1.3.3.1.2. Hiatian migrants benefitted from Visas due to political instability, unemployment and gender based violence
1.3.3.2. Economic
1.3.3.2.1. Brazil has benefitted from labour supply of agricultural workers
1.3.3.2.2. Haiti benefits from remittances
1.4. Migration impacting the economic development, political stability and social equality
1.4.1. Impact of migration on economic development
1.4.1.1. Waves of immigration from Europe or Japan contributes to growth in agriculture and manufacturing sectors
1.4.1.2. Labour market benefitted from highly skilled workers
1.4.1.2.1. fill gaps in labour market
1.4.1.3. Remittance
1.4.1.3.1. Emigration to USA, Japan and portugal sends back remittance
1.4.2. Impact of migration on political stability
1.4.2.1. Political relationships result in bilateral migrant flows
1.4.2.1.1. Especially with portugal, haiti and japan
1.4.2.2. Mercosur trading bloc
1.4.2.2.1. Free flow of trade, capital and labour promoting political stability between the countries
1.4.2.3. Government accepts responsibility for refugees
1.4.2.3.1. Protects environmental and political refugees' welfare and provides employment prospects, visas and work permits
1.4.3. Impact of migration on social equality
1.4.3.1. Inequalities develop in housing, services and education with african-american Brazilians most affected
1.4.3.1.1. 44% of black population live in houses with no access to basic sanitation
1.4.3.1.2. Results in spatially concentrated poverty in favellas
1.4.3.2. Prejudice and discrimination in labour market against black people
1.4.3.2.1. Impedes their full economic/social potential development
2. Migration has become more Complex
2.1. Economic globalisation has made migration more complex
2.1.1. Led to emergence of new source areas and host destinations of migration
2.1.1.1. Growing number of countries and their economies have become more interdependant
2.1.2. How has economic globalisation changed migration patterns
2.1.2.1. Inter-regional
2.1.2.1.1. New flow emerged of workers from south Asia to oil producing gulf states
2.1.2.1.2. Increased demand for labour, relatively high wages and ease of remittances has driven this type of migration
2.1.2.2. Intra-regional
2.1.2.2.1. Rapid increase of migrants to ASEAN member states as Singapore, Thailand have some of the fastest growing economies
2.1.2.2.2. Most migrants are low skilled, undocumented and seeking employment
2.1.2.2.3. In the EU return migration is becoming a larger flow
2.1.2.3. Internal
2.1.2.3.1. Rural-urban migration in EDC's has become a major port of new global migration system
2.1.2.3.2. High numbers of migrants move from rural to urban areas where there are high levels of economic activity
2.2. Increase in concentration of young migrants workers and Females
2.2.1. Young Migrants
2.2.1.1. In 2019 11% of global migrant stock was made of young migrants aged between 15-24
2.2.1.2. There are more economic opportunities for the young
2.2.1.2.1. Including greater employment opportunities, higher wages and possibility of remittance
2.2.2. Increasing number of International Female migrants
2.2.2.1. 46% of migrants in developing countries were female
2.2.2.1.1. 52% of migrants in developed countries were female
2.2.2.2. Continents with a higher percentage of female migrants than male migrants include
2.2.2.2.1. Europe, Latin America, North America and the caribbean
2.2.2.3. Greater independance and status, and the shift towards the view that women are important income earners have accounted for female migrant growth in the last 20 years
2.2.2.4. Between 2000 and 2010 the number of female tertiary educated migrants increased by 80%
2.2.2.4.1. The main destination for highly skilled female graduates include USA, UK and Israel
2.3. South to South Migration corridors are now equal to those in South to North corridors
2.3.1. Historically international migrant flows have been from less developed countries in the south to more developed in the north
2.3.1.1. As global economies have become more interconnected, south to south migration has become increasingly significant
2.3.1.1.1. 3rd largest bilateral corridor is currently Bangladesh to India
2.3.2. Reasons
2.3.2.1. Restrictive administrative barriers for migrants from south to north
2.3.2.1.1. Number of fast-growing economies in the south offer employment opportunities
2.3.2.2. Increased awareness of opportunities in the south resulting from improved communications and developing social and business networks
2.3.2.2.1. Costs of moving to a distant, richer country (living costs)
2.3.3. Examples
2.3.3.1. Burkina Faso to Ivory Coast
2.3.3.1.1. 2013 560,000 Ivorians escaped conflict in their country to Burkina Faso
2.3.3.1.2. OR 1.46 million Burkina Faso born migrants living in Ivory coast
2.3.3.2. Myanmar to Thailand
2.3.3.2.1. Largest ASEAN migrant corridor involving 1.9 million migrants
2.4. Conflict and persecution have increased number of refugees
2.4.1. Largest source of migrants in 2015 was fron Syria
2.4.1.1. Syrian civil war resulted in 4.7 million refugees
2.4.1.2. Largest recipients of Syrian refugees were Turkey, Lebanon and Jordon
2.4.1.2.1. Lebanon has been overwhelmed by the number of refugees
2.4.2. Conflict, loss of property, political persecution, discrimination could all amount to more global refugees
2.5. Changes in National immigration and emigration policies
2.5.1. Pakistan emigration policy
2.5.1.1. Aims to promote emigration and safeguard migrants
2.5.1.1.1. Requires the enhancement in the impacts of economic remittances and skills of returning migrants for the countries development
2.5.1.2. 7 million work abroad with 96% working in gulf countries
2.5.1.2.1. 2013 migrant remittances amounted to $11.5 billion - 5th largest in the world
2.5.2. Canada Immigration Policy
2.5.2.1. 2015 changes made to immigration policy to address the skill gap in labour force
2.5.2.1.1. Policy marks the potential migrants on a 1200 point system based on language, experience, age and education
2.5.2.2. 21.5% of Canada's total population is made up of migrants
2.5.2.2.1. 60% of the migrant population is categorised as economic migrants