1. color
1.1. physiologic change
1.1.1. colorless to pale yellow
1.1.1.1. Dilution(excessive fluid intake)
1.1.2. dark yellow color
1.1.2.1. in summar
1.1.2.2. in the first morning sample
1.1.2.3. fuceg
1.2. pathological change
1.2.1. black
1.2.1.1. Iorn theraby
1.2.1.2. Alkptonuria
1.2.2. milky
1.2.2.1. chylurai
1.2.3. green
1.2.3.1. infection
2. Odor
2.1. physiologic change
2.1.1. Aromatic
2.2. pathological change
2.2.1. fruity
2.2.1.1. Diabetes
2.2.1.2. Ketonuria
2.2.2. Ammoniacal
2.2.2.1. infection
2.2.2.2. old urine
3. PH
3.1. physiologis change
3.1.1. Alkaline
3.1.1.1. Aftermeaiz
3.1.1.2. Citrus intake
3.1.2. Acidic
3.1.2.1. High protein diet
3.2. pathological change
3.2.1. Acidic
3.2.1.1. Acidosis
3.2.1.2. Diabetes
3.2.2. Alkaline
3.2.2.1. UTI
3.2.2.2. Alkalosis
4. Volume
4.1. physiologic change
4.1.1. Increase
4.1.1.1. Winter
4.1.1.2. Excessive water intake
4.1.1.3. Use of Diuretics
4.1.2. Decrease
4.1.2.1. Summer
4.1.2.2. Fasting and restricted intake
4.1.2.3. Exercise
4.2. pathological change
4.2.1. Oliguria(Urine output<500ml)
4.2.1.1. Dehydration
4.2.1.2. Pre renal&renal&post renal
4.2.1.3. sever bums
4.2.2. Polyuria (urine output >200ml)
4.2.2.1. DM
4.2.2.2. D inlipidus (15-10 L/day)
4.2.3. Anuria (urine output <100ml)
4.2.3.1. Acute tubular necrosis
4.2.3.2. compelet urinary tract obstruction
4.2.3.2.1. Stone
4.2.3.2.2. Tumors
5. Specific Gravity
5.1. physiologic change
5.1.1. Increased
5.1.1.1. Dehydration
5.1.1.2. fasting
5.1.2. Decreased
5.1.2.1. Winter
5.1.2.2. Excess fluids
5.2. pathological change
5.2.1. Hypersthenuria
5.2.1.1. Dehydration
5.2.1.2. Uncontrol DM
5.2.2. Hyposthenuria
5.2.2.1. D inaipidus(absence/decrease of ADH)
5.2.2.2. Renal Diseasa