U.S. Singular Definition of Human Trafficking
作者：Karli Bryant
1. (1.) Norms
1.1. Universalism
1.1.1. Moral virtue
1.1.2. Infantilization of women
1.2. Freedom and Individualism
1.3. "Oppression Paradigm"
2. (4.) Policy Recommendations
2.1. Integrated database
2.2. Training materials for law enforcement
2.3. Assistance and reintegration of U.S. citizens
3. (2.) Conceputalizations
3.1. Trafficking vs. Smuggling
3.1.1. Conflation of trafficking with migration
3.1.2. U.S. citizens versus foreign nationals
3.2. Trafficking vs. Prostitution
3.2.1. Issue of legalization and criminalization
3.2.2. Criminalization puts pressure on smuggling
3.3. Human Rights vs. Law Enforcement
3.3.1. Transformation of Policy
3.3.1.1. Human Rights (1990s-1999)
3.3.1.1.1. Refugee Cash Assistance
3.3.1.1.2. Refugee Medical Assistance
3.3.1.1.3. National Human Trafficking Resource Center
3.3.1.1.4. Department of Justice - emergency services
3.3.1.1.5. Department of Health and Human Services
3.3.1.2. Criminalization (2000-2002)
3.3.1.3. National Security (2003-2006)
3.3.1.3.1. post-9/11
3.3.1.3.2. T visa and U visa
3.3.1.3.3. Human Smuggling Trafficking Center
4. (3.) Disjunctions b/w Policy and Governance
4.1. Lack of police officer training
4.2. Lack of defined responsibilities
4.2.1. Federal
4.2.2. State
4.2.3. Local