1. References: Stanlaw, James, Nobuko Adachi, and Zdenek Salzmann. Language, Culture, and Society: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology. 7th ed., Routledge, 2018.
2. Communicating Nonverbally (Ch. 5)
2.1. • Nonverbal vs. Verbal Communication:
2.1.1. Spoken words are only one part of human communication.
2.1.2. Nonverbal Communication - refers to the transmission of signals accomplished by means other than spoken words
2.2. Types of Nonverbal Communication
2.2.1. Kinesics: The study of body language, including gestures, posture, facial expressions, and eye contact
2.2.2. Proxemics: The study of the social use of space, including personal space
2.2.3. Paralanguage: Vocalizations that aren't words, such as tone, pitch, and pauses.
2.3. Cultural Differences
2.3.1. Nonverbal communication is heavily influenced by culture. & Meanings of gestures and personal space vary significantly across cultures
2.4. Signed Languages
2.4.1. primary vs. alternate sign languages
2.5. Writing
2.5.1. Pictures, Protowriting and Rebuses
3. "For the most part, human communication is a multichannel affair operating on verbal and nonverbal levels.. Regardless of the society, it is not only how people talk and what they say but also how they present themselves to others that seems to make a difference as to how they are perceived." (Stanlaw et al., 90)
4. Nuts and Bolts of Linguistic Anthropology - Structure of Words and Sentences (Ch. 4)
4.1. Morphemes and Allomorphs
4.1.1. Morphemes - smallest meaningful unit of a word
4.1.1.1. Free vs Bound Morphemes- free are unattached to other morphemes, bound are attached
4.1.2. Allmorphs - variant forms of a particular morphemes
4.2. Morphomenemics
4.2.1. the study of the phonemic difference among allmorphs of the same morphemes
4.3. Inflections vs Word Order
4.3.1. inflections - refers to changes in the form of a word to mark differnt grammatical functions
4.3.2. word order - refers to how words are arranged in a phrase or a sentence
4.4. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar
4.4.1. Introduces rules that transform underlying structures into actual sentences
5. "Whether or not a language formally marks a particular grammatical category does not make it superior (or inferior) to others." (Stanlaw et al.,75)
6. “These ‘nuts and bolts’ are necessary for any further examination of how language, culture, and society are related …” (Stanlaw et al., 36)
7. "Language is involved in a wide variety of human situations, perhaps every situation. If something permeates every aspect of human life and is so complex that we cannot fathom its influence, we should study it." (Stanlaw et al., 2)
8. "The relationship between researchers and their subjects is as delicate and as important as any other human relationships and as such requires care, mutual respect, and honesty." (Stanlaw et al., 27)
9. Introducing Linguistic Anthropology (Ch. 1)
9.1. Keywords
9.1.1. Language: A symbolic system of communication using sounds or gestures
9.1.1.1. Linguistics: The general scientific study of language, focusing on structure.
9.1.1.2. Linguistic Anthropology: The study of how language influences and is influenced by social life and culture.
9.1.2. Culture: Learned behavior involving complicated relationship between beliefs and knowledge passed from one generation to the next
9.1.3. Society: A group of people who live together in the same geographic area and typically share a comment set of values.
9.1.4. Anthropology: The holistic study of humankind
9.2. Why Study Language?
9.2.1. Language as a primary means of human interaction
9.2.2. How language shapes thought and perception
9.2.3. Language's role in creating identity and community
10. Methods of Linguistic Anthropology (Ch. 2)
10.1. Linguistics vs. Linguistic Anthropology
10.1.1. Linguistics: The scientific study of language
10.1.2. Linguistic Anthropology: The study of the relationship between language and culture
10.2. Fieldwork
10.2.1. Ethnographic fieldwork: Immersive research within a community.
10.2.2. Techniques: Observation, interviews, and detailed note-taking
10.2.3. Bias and Ethnocentrism: The importance of minimizing personal biases in research
10.3. Data Collection
10.3.1. Field notes: Transcribing observations and conversations.
10.3.2. Mental Notes - observation during fieldwork
10.3.3. Visual - recordings of exchanges of those being studied
10.4. Ethical Considerations
10.4.1. Responsibility to the communities being studied—informed consent and anonymity
11. Nuts and Bolts of Linguistic Anthropology - Language is Sound (Ch. 3)
11.1. Anatomy & Physiology of Speech
11.1.1. o Vocal tract components (lungs, larynx, pharynx, oral/nasal cavities, lips, tongue, etc
11.1.2. o How speech organs work for producing sound (airflow, voicing, manner/place of articulation
11.2. Articulation of Speech Sounds
11.2.1. o Types of sounds: consonants vs. vowels
11.2.2. Acoustic phonetics: Concerned with the phsical aspect of sound produced by vocal organs, specifically the sound waves
11.2.3. Auditory phonetics: The study of how speech sounds are perceived and interpreted by the various organs of the human body
11.3. From Phones to Phonemes
11.3.1. Phone - the smallest segment of speech that when combined with other phones makes up an utterance
11.3.2. Phonemes - the smallest meaningful unit of sound or a set of sounds in a language.
11.4. Prosodic Features
11.4.1. o Stress, pitch, tone, length
11.5. Etics and Emics
11.5.1. Etic: investigates from an outsider's perspective. Emic: investigates from an insider's perspective