1. Neurological Changes
1.1. Fraility
1.2. Failure to thrive
1.3. Impaired Cognition
1.3.1. Delerium
1.3.2. Dementia
1.3.2.1. Alzheimer's Disease
1.3.2.2. Parkinson's disease, Aids, trauma and toxins
1.4. Altered Sleep
1.4.1. Insomnia
1.4.2. Sleep Apnea
1.5. Reduction in neurons, nerve fibers and cerebral blood flow
2. Physical Appearance
2.1. Hair loss, graying
2.2. wrinkles
2.3. loss of tissue elasticity
2.4. diminished stature
3. Respiratory System
3.1. Calcification of costal cartilage
3.2. rib cage more rigid
3.3. reduced cough and laryngeal reflex
3.4. increased residual capacity
3.5. reduced vital capacity
3.6. COPD
3.6.1. asthma
3.6.2. chronic bronchitis
3.6.3. emphysema
3.7. Lung Cancer
3.8. Lung Abscess
4. Renal System
4.1. Hypertrophy and thickening of bladder muscles
4.2. kidney filtration decreases
4.3. daytime urinary frequency/nocturia
4.4. Inefficient neurological control of bladder emptying and weaker bladder muscles
4.5. Urinary incontinence
4.5.1. stress
4.5.2. urgency
4.5.3. overflow
4.5.4. neurogenic
4.5.5. functional
4.5.6. mixed
4.6. Bladder cancer
4.7. Renal calculi
4.8. Glomerulonephritis
5. Musculoskeletal System
5.1. decline in size and number of muscle fibers, reduction in muscle mass
5.2. decreased body strength
5.3. endurance declines
5.4. reduced flexibility
5.5. brittle bones
5.5.1. fractures
5.5.2. osteoporosis
5.6. osteoarthritis
5.7. rheumatoid arthritis
5.8. gout
6. Endocrine
6.1. diminished adrenal function
6.2. ACTH secretion decreases
6.3. insufficient insulin release
6.3.1. reduced sensitivity to insulin
6.3.1.1. type 2 dm
6.4. volume of pituitary gland decreases
6.5. thyroid gland atrophy
6.5.1. decreased function
6.5.1.1. primary hypothyroidism
6.5.1.2. secondary hypothyroidism
6.5.1.3. uncontrolled weight gain
6.6. diabetes
6.7. hypothyroidism
7. Reproductive System
7.1. Males
7.1.1. Andropause: decreased sperm count/testosterone
7.1.2. Erectile Dysfunction: can't maintain an erection
7.1.3. Prostate Enlargement
7.2. Females
7.2.1. Less vascular epithelium and thinner
7.2.2. Produce less secretory fluid
7.2.3. Uterus shrinks
7.2.4. Ovary changes: becoming thicker and smaller
7.2.5. Cervix gets smaller
7.2.6. Flatter Labia, loss of SubQ fat
7.2.7. Menopause
7.2.8. Cancer
7.2.8.1. Breast Cancer
7.2.8.2. Cancer of the Vagina
7.2.8.3. Cervix Cancer
7.2.8.4. Ovarian Cancer
7.2.9. Prolapsed Uterus
8. Cardiovascular System
8.1. heart muscles loosen
8.2. reduced cardiac output
8.3. thick and rigid valves
8.4. blood vessels reduce elasticity
8.5. oxygen used less efficiently
8.6. hypertension/hypotension
8.7. congestive heart failure
8.8. pulmonary emboli
8.9. hyperlipidemia
8.10. Varicose Veins
8.11. Heart Failure
9. Gastrointestinal System
9.1. less acute taste sensation
9.2. decreased esophageal motility
9.2.1. dysphagia
9.3. atrophy of small and large intestines
9.4. increased risk for aspiration, indigestion and constipation
9.5. Xerostomia- from decreased saliva production
9.6. Hiatal Hernia
9.7. Esophageal Cancer/Stomach cancer/colorectal cancer
9.8. Peptic Ulcer disease
9.9. Diverticular disease
9.10. Intestinal Obstruction
10. Integumentary
10.1. reduced thickness and vascularity of the dermis
10.2. degeneration of elasticitc fibers
10.3. increased coarseness of collagen
10.4. reduction of melanocytes
10.5. decline in hair and nail growth
10.6. skin becomes more fragile
10.7. body image misconceptions
10.8. pruritus
10.9. keratosis
10.9.1. actinic or solar keratoses
10.10. seborrhea keratosis
10.11. skin cancer
10.11.1. basal cell carcinoma
10.11.2. squamous cell carcinoma
10.11.3. melanoma
10.12. stasis dermatitis
10.13. pressure ulcers
11. Sensation
11.1. vision
11.1.1. reduced elasticity and stiffening of the muscle fibers on the lens
11.1.1.1. decreased ability to focus
11.1.1.1.1. presbyopia
11.1.2. reduced pupil size
11.1.3. opacification of th lens and vitreous
11.1.4. light perception decreases
11.1.5. dark and light adaptation takes longer
11.1.6. difficulty night vision
11.1.7. disorder depth perception
11.1.8. clouding of lens
11.1.8.1. cataracts
11.1.9. damage to optic nerve
11.1.9.1. glaucoma
11.1.10. corneal ulcer
11.1.11. detached retina
11.2. hearing
11.2.1. impacting communication
11.2.1.1. sensorineural hearing loss
11.2.1.1.1. presbycusis
11.2.2. impacted cerumen
11.2.3. otosclerosis
11.2.4. tinnitus
11.3. additional:
11.3.1. taste buds decrease
11.3.2. decreased tactile sensation
11.3.3. cant differentiate temperatures