TEST PREP
by Julian Apodaca
1. Temperature moderation
2. WATER CYCLE
2.1. GROUND WATER
2.2. ROOT UPTAKE
2.3. EVAPORATION
2.4. PRECIPITATION
2.5. TRANSPIRATION
2.6. CONDENSATION
2.7. RUNOFF
2.8. SEEPAGE
2.9. BIOLOGICAL RECYCLING
3. LAWS OF CONVERSATION OF MATTER
3.1. matter can not be created or destroyed, it can be TRANSFERRED and rearranged into different forms.
3.2. matter can undergoes physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed.
3.3. The cycling of elements makes life possible on earth because it ensures the molecules that build living things are constantly available.
3.4. RESERVOIR- A place where matter, such as water or carbon is stored.
3.5. BIOSPHERE- All life forms on Earth; plants, animals, bacteria, soil.
3.6. HYDROSPHERE- all water on Earth- includes saltwater and fresh water.
3.7. LITHOSPHERE- solid outer section of the Earth.
3.8. ATMOSPHERE- a thin layer of gasses that surround the Earth.
3.9. RESIDENCE TIME- average amount of time that a carbon atom stays in a reservoir.
3.10. PROCESS- the method in which atoms move from one reservoir to another.
4. CARBON CYCLE
4.1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS- plants converts CO2 from the atmosphere or ocean water into sugar in the biosphere.
4.2. PHYSICAL PROCESS- when carbon moves between reservoirs without the help of living organisms.
4.3. biological recycling process- when living organisms are involved in moving the carbon between reservoirs.
4.4. CELLULAR RESPIRATION- process used by plants and animals to create energy. O2 is used to break down sugar CO2 is a byproduct.
4.5. LIMESTONE^^^ in the notes section
4.6. CONSUMPTION- animals obtain their carbon by eating plants and other animals.
4.7. DECOMPOSITION- the process where dead plant and animal material is broken down by bacteria and returned to the soil.
4.8. FOSSIL FUEL FORMATION- when dead matter is buried without oxygen and experience a large amount of pressure and heat for millions of years.
4.9. COAL FORMATION- coal forms from the remains of plants that lived in swamps millions of years ago.
4.10. OIL AND NATURAL GAS FORMATION- these form from the decay of tiny marine organisms that accumulated on the bottom of the ocean millions of years ago. These remains were buried in sediments heated until they became energy- rich carbon based molecules.
4.11. VOLCANIC ACTIVITY- volcanoes melt carbonate rocks such as: limestone and marble and release the carbon into the atmosphere as CO2 gas.
4.12. ABSORPTION- when carbon is pulled from the atmosphere into the ocean. this is the source of ocean acidifcation - excess carbon from the atmosphere is being pulled into the ocean.
4.13. COMBUSTION- humans burn fossil fuels to produce energy and run engines. this adds extra CO2 into the atmosphere.
4.14. DEFORESTATION- humans cut down forests, this slows down how fast carbon can be pulled out of the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
5. NITROGEN CYCLE
5.1. N2
5.2. NITROGEN FIXATION BACTERIA
5.3. NITROGEN FIXATION
5.4. DECAY/ WASTE
5.5. AMMONIFICATION
5.6. AMMONIA
5.7. NITRATE
5.8. NITRIFICATION
5.9. NITRATE
5.10. ASSIMILATION
5.11. DENITRIFICATION
6. CARBON CYCLE
7. EROSION
7.1. methods
7.2. small scale
7.3. Surface runoff
7.4. Coastal erosion
7.5. Large scale of erosion
8. WEATHERING OF ROCK
8.1. Physical Weathering
8.1.1. water abrasion
8.1.2. Frost Wedging
8.1.3. Plant Action
8.1.4. abrasion
8.1.5. wind abrasion
8.1.6. glacial abrasion
8.1.7. air abrasion
8.2. chemical weathering
8.2.1. carbonation
8.2.2. Oxidation
8.2.3. hydrolysis
8.3. factors effecting the weights of weathering
8.3.1. climate differences
8.3.1.1. cold and humid
8.3.1.2. hot and humid
8.3.2. root action
8.3.3. hot and humid climates
8.3.4. mountains and poles
8.3.5. mineral composition
9. microscope
9.1. compound light microscope
9.2. electron microscope
9.3. eyepiece/ ocular lens
9.4. stage
9.5. objective lens
9.6. light source
9.7. total power of magnification
9.8. resolution
10. metric "SI" system
11. Interdependence
12. biotic
13. Abiotic
14. tolerance curve
15. acclimation
16. conformer
17. regulator
18. Hibernation
19. migration
20. Generalist
21. Specialist
22. Niche
23. produce/ consumer/ detrivore/ decomposer
23.1. producer
23.2. consumer
23.3. decomposer/ detrivore
24. types of consumers
24.1. carnivore
24.2. herbivore
24.3. omnivore
25. Calories
26. food chain
27. food web
28. energy pyramid
29. Energy transfer
30. 90/10 rule
31. Kcal
32. Biochemistry & Life
32.1. Matter
32.2. Mass
32.3. Elements
32.3.1. sub note to elemnts
32.4. Atoms
32.4.1. sub note to Atoms
32.5. Atomic Makeup
32.6. Nucleus
32.6.1. sub note to nucleus
32.7. Electrons
32.7.1. sub note to electrons
32.8. Isotopes
32.9. Compounds
32.10. Covalant bonds
32.11. Iconic bonds
32.12. States of matter
32.12.1. Solid
32.12.2. Liquid
32.12.3. Gas
33. Energy and chemical Reactions
33.1. Chemical reation
33.2. Reactants
33.3. Products
33.4. Bi- directional Arrow
33.5. Metabolism
33.6. Activation energy
33.7. Polarity
33.8. Hydrogen Bonding
33.9. Cohesion & Adhesion
33.9.1. Adhesion
33.10. Solutions
33.11. Concentrations
33.12. Acids and bases
33.13. Ph scale and buffers
34. Discovery of cells
34.1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
34.2. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all the process of life.
34.3. Robert Hooke used an early microscope to see cells in thin slices of cork.
34.4. He described what he saw as "Little boxes" and sketched his drawings.
34.5. Dutch trader Anton Van Leeuwenhoek made microscopes that were 10 times as strong as Robert Hooke's instruments.
34.6. In 1673, he was able to observe cells from the genus Spirogyra and Vorticella. This was the first time that observation of movement was seen.
35. Cell Theory
35.1. This is comprised of three essential parts:
35.1.1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
35.1.2. Cells are the basic units of structure and and function in an organism.
35.1.3. cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.
36. Cellular basis of life
36.1. All living things share 8 basic characteristics
36.1.1. They consist of organized parts
36.1.2. they obtain energy from surroundings
36.1.3. They perform chemical reactions
36.1.4. They change with time
36.1.5. They adapt to their environment
36.1.6. They reproduce
36.1.7. They maintain homeostasis
36.1.8. They share a common history
37. Cell size & shape
37.1. Cells are very diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization
37.2. A cells function influences its' physical features.
37.3. A cells shape can be simple or complex depending on the function of the cell
37.4. Some cells can be seen by the human eye, such as human egg cells which are the size of a period dot.
37.5. Cell size is limited to the relationship of the cells surface area-to- volume ratio
37.6. This is important because if a cell were to become too large, it couldn't pass materials into and out of itself.
38. Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Organisms
39. Basic Parts of a Cell
39.1. All cells have three basic features
39.1.1. All cells have a plasma membrane, which covers a cells surface and acts as a barrier into and out of the cell
39.1.2. The region of the cell within the plasma membrane that includes the fluid, cytoplasm.
39.1.3. The nucleus contains a cells DNA and regulates function. The nuclear matrix is the protein skeleton that maintains it's shape. Certain cells that are simpler, prokaryotes, have a nucleoid instead of a nucleus.