1. Apparatus
1.1. The materials from the eophoria situation
1.2. Paper questionnaries
1.3. the injections
2. Participant Group
2.1. Epi informed
2.2. Epi Ignorant
2.3. Epi misinformed
2.4. Saline
3. Name of the study
3.1. Cognitive,Social, and Physiological Determinats of Emotional State
4. Category
4.1. Biology
5. Author(s) and year
5.1. Stanley Schachter (19) and Jerome E. Singer(
6. Background of study
6.1. Why was it done?
6.1.1. This study was done to prove the two-factor theory which is ( for an emotion to be experienced, a physiological state of arousal is necessary and situational factors will determine how we interpret this arousal)
6.2. The assumtion taht every emtoion has a distinct physoiological state created psychologist to assess the role of psychological factors and how we experience them.
7. Aims of Study and Hypothesis
7.1. Hypothesis: In any case it is our basic asumption that emotional states are a function of the interaction of such cognitive fcators with a state of physiological arousal
7.2. Aim 1: Given a state of phsiological arousal for which an individual has no immidiate explaination, he will "label" this sate and describe his feelings in terms of conitions available to him
7.3. Aim 2:Given a state of physiological arousal for which an individual has a completely appropriate explanation (e.g.," I feel this way because I have just received an injection of adrenalin") no evaluative needs will arise and the individual is unlikely to label his feelings in terms of the alternative conditions available.
7.4. Aime 3: Given the same cognitive circumstances, the individual will react emotionally or describe his feelings as emotions only to the extent that he experiences a state if physiological arousal.
8. Resarch Method
8.1. Type of experiment: Lab experiment with independent measures
8.1.1. There were two independent variables:
8.1.1.1. The information about the injection given to the subject
8.1.1.2. The situation they are put in (euphoria and anger sitation
8.1.2. The dependent variable
8.1.2.1. Particapants emotinal state
8.2. Sampling of participants: voluntary
8.3. Ethics: Informed consent
8.4. Correlations:
8.5. Self-reports
8.5.1. questionaries:closed questions
9. Data collection process
9.1. Resarchers gathered quantatative data with the closed questionnaires and self-reports that they gave out
10. Procedure
10.1. As soon as a subect has arrived, he was taken to a private room and told by the experimentor that the aim of the experiment was "to look at the effects of vitamin injections on visual skill' and asked if he would mind having an injection of 'Surproxin'
10.1.1. 184 out of 196 suject agreed
10.2. The experimenter then leaves the room and in a few minutes a pysician enters the room briefly repeats the experimenters instructions, takes the subject' pulse and then in jects him with Suproxin.
10.2.1. Depending upon condition, the subject receives one of two surproxin-epinephrine or placebo.
10.2.1.1. As far as the suject is concerned the major subjective symtoms are palpitation, tremor, and sometimes a feeling of flushing and accelerated breathing( epinephrine/ adrenalin)
10.2.1.1.1. Begin in three minutes and last from ten minutes to an hour
10.2.1.2. Placebo had no side effects
10.3. Subject were then put in one of four experimental conditions: Adrenalin ignorant, Adrenalin informed, control groupand adrenalin misinformed.
10.3.1. 1.Adrenalin ignorant- subjects were given an adrenalin injection and not told of the effects
10.3.2. 2. Adrenalin informed- Subjects were given an adrenalin injection and warned of the "side effects"( your hand will start to shake, your heart will start to pound, and your face may get warm and flushed)
10.3.3. 3. Adrenalin misinformed- sunhjects were given an adrenalin injection and told to expect side effects but were told these (what will probally happen is that your feet will feel numb, you will have an itching sensation over parts of your body, and you may get an slight headache.)
10.3.4. 4.Control Group- Placebo- Subjects were given an injection that would have no side effects and were given no instructions of what to expect
10.3.5. Adrenalin misinformed- Subjects were given an adrenalin injection and told to expect side effects
10.4. Subjects put in th Euphoria condition
10.4.1. The room was not tidy and as the reasarcher left he apologized and told them that they could use the paper, rubber bands and pencils that were lying around the room. When the expirimentor left the stooge introduced himself and then began his routine by playing with the items while encouraging for the participants to join.
10.5. Subjects put in the Anger condition.
10.5.1. Participants were also with a stooge and they were asked to spend 20 minutes to complete a questionarie. The questionaries started inoccently enough but then grew increasingly personal and insulting , while they were answering these the stooge routine comensed
10.6. Mesurment: Two types of measurment were collected
10.6.1. Self-reports
10.6.1.1. Prticipants were asked to take a questionnarie rating how the felt
10.6.2. Observation
10.6.2.1. Althought they doid not know it particaipants were being c=watched
11. G..R.A.V.E
11.1. G- Low because it did not include woman and did not include people from outside of the school/ from around the world( basically did not have a high variety of people)
11.2. R- High because the study was taken place in a lab experiment and because it had high controls such as the treatement that was given to different groups
11.3. A- Mediumto high because only psychologist or medical would use this for learning purposesand not many people would use this however I think that this is something really valuable because I now know that I/we can have control over life and describe feelings better
11.4. V- Low because the study was taken in a lab experiment which has low ecological validity, therefore it is not really realistic. Also because the study did not have a variety participants which lacked ecological validity
11.5. E- Medium because conset about the injection was used however they were not told about certain things in the experiment like being injected with an unknown "drug"
12. Results
12.1. Euphoria situation
12.1.1. Misinformed: Happiest
12.1.2. Ignorant:second happiest
12.1.3. Informed: least happiest
12.2. Anger situation
12.2.1. Ignorant: not so angry
12.2.2. Informed: angriest