1. Mixtures
1.1. Non-chemical combination of any two or more substances
1.2. Elements in a mixture retain their physical properties
1.3. Mixtures do NOT have a definite ratio and CAN be physically separated
2. Materials Science
2.1. Testing properties of materials and the applications used in engineering and science areas
3. Elements
3.1. - Only consists of one type of particle/atom - Cannot be broken down
3.2. Element Classification
3.2.1. How they are classified:
3.2.1.1. Physical Properties - Boiling point, melting point, density, color, hardness, texture, etc.
3.2.1.2. Chemical Properties - Reactivity to acid, oxygen, flammability, etc.
3.2.2. What they are classified as:
3.2.2.1. Metal
3.2.2.1.1. Good heat/electricity conductors, hard, heavy, shiny, reflect light, malleable, ductile, recyclable, 1-3 valence electrons
3.2.2.2. Nonmetal
3.2.2.2.1. Usually gases at room temperature, solids are dull, brittle, and powdery, electrons are tightly attracted and restricted to one atom
3.2.2.3. Metalliods
3.2.2.3.1. Possess both metallic and nonmetallic properties
4. Compounds
4.1. Most substances are compounds
4.2. Created when two or more elements are chemically combined
4.2.1. Element combinations are not random but based upon specific mass ratios
4.3. Properties are different than the elements from which the compound was created
4.4. Metal element compounds = Alloy
5. Material Selection
5.1. Based upon application, required material properties, and budget.
5.2. Applications can vary from electrical components to construction of large-scale civil engineering projects
5.3. Initial material property considerations consist of product function, environmental conditions, and material degradation
5.4. Alternative
5.4.1. Material selection and development is currently focused on alternative materials.
5.4.2. Alternative materials are being designed to solve socioeconomic problems like depletion of natural resources
5.4.3. Alternative materials include: Fullerenes, Liquid Crystals, Biocompatible Materials, and Microelectronics.
5.5. Refined material selection based on
5.5.1. Technical and structural analysis
5.5.2. Examination of known and desired properties, including:
5.5.2.1. Mechanical
5.5.2.1.1. bending material to find the mechanical properties
5.5.2.1.2. Deformation and fracture as a response to applied mechanical force
5.5.2.1.3. Strength, Hardness, Ductility, Stiffness
5.5.2.2. Physical
5.5.2.2.1. Measurable properties
5.5.2.2.2. Density, Melting Point, Conductivity
5.5.2.3. Thermal
5.5.2.3.1. Affected by heat fluxes and temperature changes
5.5.2.3.2. Thermal Capacity (heat storage capacity of a material), Thermal Conductivity (capacity of a material to transport heat), Thermal Expansion (how a material expands or contracts if the temperature is raised or lowered).
5.5.2.4. Electromagnetic
5.5.2.4.1. Material response to electromagnetic fields
5.5.2.4.2. Electrical Conductivity (insulators, dielectrics, semiconductors, semimetals, conductors, superconductors) and Thermoelectric (electrical stimuli provoke thermo responses; thermo stimuli provoke electrical responses).
5.5.2.5. Chemical
5.5.2.5.1. Response and impact of environment on material structures
5.5.2.5.2. Oxidation/Reduction (occur in corrosion and combustion), Toxicity (damaging effect a material has on other materials), Flammability (The ability of a material to ignite/combust).
6. Substances out of which all things are made
7. Materials
7.1. Material Classification
7.1.1. Metallic
7.1.1.1. made of metallic material
7.1.1.2. Pure metal elements - Not commonly found/used
7.1.1.3. Metal element compounds (alloy) - Commonly used
7.1.1.4. Thermal and electric conductors
7.1.1.5. Mechanical properties include strength and plasticity
7.1.1.6. Commonly used due to engineered properties of the compound
7.1.2. Ceramic
7.1.2.1. made of ceramic material
7.1.2.2. Compounds consisting of metal and nonmetal elements
7.1.2.3. Thermal and electrical insulators
7.1.2.4. Mechanical properties include high strength at high temperatures and brittleness
7.1.2.5. Used as Clay (shaped, dried, and fired inorganic material) and Refractory (provides acceptable mechanical/chemical properties at high temperatures). Also applied in Electrical systems (Resistors, Thermistors, Rectifiers, Heating elements).
7.1.3. Organic
7.1.3.1. made of organic material
7.1.3.2. Are/once was alive - mostly Carbon and Hydrogen
7.1.3.3. Genetically alterable, Renewable, and Sustainable
7.1.4. Polymeric
7.1.4.1. Compounds consist of mostly organic elements and have low densities
7.1.4.2. Mechanical Properties include flexibility and elasticity
7.1.4.3. Subgroups:
7.1.4.3.1. Plastics
7.1.4.3.2. Elastomers
7.1.4.4. Vulcanization - Chemical process used to form strong bonds between adjacent polymers to produce tough, strong, hard rubber (car tires).
7.1.5. Composite
7.1.5.1. Composed of more than one material
7.1.5.2. Designed to obtain desirable properties from each material
7.1.5.3. Composite Materials
7.1.5.3.1. Layer Composites - Alternate layers of materials bonded together
7.1.5.3.2. Particulate Composites - Discrete particles of one material surrounded by a matrix of another material
7.1.5.3.3. Fiber-Reinforced Composites - Composed of continuous or discontinuous fibers embedded in a matrix of another material
7.1.5.4. Layer Composite material