1. Technology
1.1. Frontiers
1.1.1. Scalability
1.1.1.1. "The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments"
1.1.1.2. "RapidChain: Scaling Blockchain via Full Sharding"
1.1.1.3. "Divide and Scale: Formalization of Distributed Ledger Sharding Protocols"
1.1.2. Consensus algorithms
1.1.3. Token economics
1.1.3.1. "Token Ecosystem Creation: A strategic process to architect and engineer viable token economies"
1.1.3.2. Token Taxonomy Framework
1.1.4. Interoperability
1.1.4.1. "Towards a Design Philosophy for Interoperable Blockchain Systems"
1.1.5. Governance
1.1.5.1. "The State of Blockchain Governance: Governance by and of blockchains"
1.1.6. Regulation
1.1.7. Reducing energy consumption
1.2. Blockchains
1.2.1. Consensus protocols
1.2.1.1. Proof of work
1.2.1.1.1. "The Proof-of-Work Concept" -Satoshi Nakamoto Institute
1.2.1.2. Proof of stake
1.2.1.2.1. "A Proof of Stake Design Philosophy" -Vitalik Buterin
1.2.1.2.2. "On Stake" -Vitalik Buterin
1.2.1.3. Practical Byzantine fault tolerance
1.2.1.3.1. "Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance"
1.2.1.4. "Blockchain Consensus Protocols in the Wild"
1.2.1.5. "Survey of Distributed Consensus Protocols for Blockchain Networks"
1.2.2. Ethereum
1.2.2.1. Ethereum Whitepaper
1.2.3. Bitcoin
1.2.3.1. "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" -Satoshi Nakamoto
1.2.3.2. Bitcoin Learning Resources
1.2.4. Hyperledger
1.2.4.1. Hyperledger White Papers
1.2.5. Steller
1.2.5.1. "The Stellar Consensus Protocol: A Federated Model for Internet-level Consensus"
1.2.6. EOS
1.2.6.1. EOS.IO Technical White Paper v2
1.2.7. Tezos
1.2.7.1. "Tezos — a self-amending crypto-ledger"
1.2.8. Tron
1.2.8.1. White Paper 2.0 - TRON
1.2.9. and more
1.3. Related technologies
1.3.1. IOTA
1.3.1.1. "The Tangle"
1.3.2. "Hardware Wallets Explained"
1.3.3. "Hardware requirements of blockchain clients"
2. Blockchain explained
2.1. Terminology Glossary
2.2. Blockchain flow chart
2.3. "Who writes the rules of a blockchain?" -HBS
2.4. Philosophy
2.4.1. "Toward a Philosophy of Blockchain: A Symposium: Introduction"
2.4.2. "The blockchain as a narrative technology: Investigating the social ontology and normative configurations of cryptocurrencies"
2.4.3. "On Public and Private Blockchains" -Vitalik Buterin
3. Concerns
3.1. Energy usage
3.1.1. "How Much Energy Does Bitcoin Actually Consume?"
3.1.2. "The Energy Consumption of Blockchain Technology: Beyond Myth"
3.1.3. "Decarbonizing Bitcoin: Law and policy choices for reducing the energy consumption of Blockchain technologies and digital currencies"
3.1.4. "The green blockchain: Managing decentralized energy production and consumption"
3.2. Threats
3.2.1. "Here’s Why Quantum Computing Will Not Break Cryptocurrencies"
3.2.2. "How the Crypto World Is Preparing for Quantum Computing, Explained"
3.2.3. "Quantum computers and the Bitcoin blockchain: An analysis of the impact quantum computers might have on the Bitcoin blockchain"
3.3. Lack of regulation
3.3.1. "Beyond bitcoin: Issues in regulating blockchain tranactions"
3.3.2. "Regulatory issues in blockchain technology"
3.3.3. "7 regulatory challenges facing blockchain"
3.3.4. "Legal Challenges Of Blockchain Technology"
3.3.5. "What is the black market worth — and how much of it is crypto"
4. History of blockchain
4.1. Seminal papers
4.1.1. "A Certified Digital Signature" -Ralph C. Merkle, 1979
4.1.2. "Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms" - David Chaum, 1981
4.1.3. "Computer Systems Established, Maintained and Trusted by Mutually Suspicious Groups" -David Chaum, 1982
4.1.4. "How to Timestamp a Digital Document" -Stuart Haber, W. Scott Stornetta, 1991
4.1.5. "Smart Contracts" -Nick Szabo, 1994
4.1.6. "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" -Satoshi Nakamoto, 2008
4.1.7. "Ethereum: A Next Generation Smart Contract & Decentralized Application Platform" -Vitalik Buterin, 2013
4.1.8. "Zerocash: Decentralized Anonymous Payments from Bitcoin" -Eli Ben Sasson et al., 2014
4.1.9. "A Note on Cryptocurrency Stabilisation: Seigniorage Shares" -Robert Sams, 2014
4.1.10. "The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments" -Joseph Poon, Thaddeus Dryja, 2016
4.1.11. "Uniswap v2 Core" -Hayden Adams, Noah Zinsmeister, Dan Robinson, 2020
4.2. Phases of development
4.2.1. "Blockchain 1.0 to Blockchain 4.0—The Evolutionary Transformation of Blockchain Technology"
4.2.2. Blockchain 1.0
4.2.3. Blockchain 2.0
4.2.4. Blockchain 3.0
5. Practical guides
5.1. For businesses
5.1.1. "Technology & Suppliers: Enterprise Blockchain Essentials Guide"
5.1.2. "A Guide to Blockchain Technology for Business"
5.1.3. "Blockchain Implementation for Your Business"
5.2. For individuals
5.2.1. "Beginners Guide to Blockchain: Getting started in Blockchain Development"
5.2.2. "How to Invest in Cryptocurrency"
5.2.3. "Cryptocurrency Trading 2021: Everything You Need To Know To Start Today"
5.2.4. "Breaking into Blockchain: How to Get a Job in Crypto"
5.2.5. "Want to Buy Crypto? Here’s What to Look for In a Crypto Exchange"
5.2.6. "How You Can Build a Career in Blockchain"
5.3. Communities
5.3.1. IEEE Blockchain technical communities
5.3.2. Complete List of Blockchain Developer Communities
5.3.3. Top Online Crypto Communities
6. Related fields
6.1. Cryptography
6.1.1. Cryptography Basics
6.1.2. Handbook of Applied Cryptography
6.1.3. Cryptography: Theory and Practice
6.1.4. Introduction to Modern Cryptography
6.2. Distributed computing
6.2.1. Distributed computing: fundamentals, simulations, and advanced topics
6.2.2. "The process group approach to reliable distributed computing"
6.3. Web 3.0
6.3.1. "What Is Web 3.0 & Why It Matters"
6.3.2. "Web 3.0 Emerging"
6.3.3. "Defining Web 3.0: opportunities and challenges"
6.3.4. "Comparative Study of Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0"
6.4. Industry 4.0
6.4.1. "Industry 4.0"
6.4.2. "Industry 4.0: state of the art and future trends"
6.4.3. "Industry 4.0: Towards future industrial opportunities and challenges"
6.4.4. "A Complex View of Industry 4.0"
6.5. Game theory
6.5.1. Game Theory
6.5.2. "A primer in game theory"
6.5.3. "Algorithmic game theory"
6.5.4. "Computational aspects of cooperative game theory"
7. Resource collections
7.1. [Github] Blockchain
7.2. [Github] Awesome Blockchain
7.3. [Mindmap] Blockchain Use cases
7.4. [Investopedia Overview] Blockchain Explained
7.5. [Binance Academy Overview] What is Blockchain Technology?
7.6. [Towards Data Science Overview] A Deep Dive into Blockchain
7.7. Whitepaper Database
8. Energy
8.1. Overview
8.1.1. "Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities"
8.1.2. "Building Block(chain)s for a Better Planet"
8.2. Local energy markets/smart grids
8.2.1. "A blockchain-based smart grid: towards sustainable local energy markets"
8.3. Peer-to-peer energy trading
8.3.1. "Energy Crowdsourcing and Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading in Blockchain-Enabled Smart Grids"
8.4. Commodity trading
8.4.1. "Can Blockchain Disrupt Energy and Commodity Trading?"
8.5. Ventures
8.5.1. LO3
8.5.1.1. "EXERGY: Business Whitepaper"
8.5.2. Power Ledger
8.5.2.1. Power Ledger White Paper
8.5.3. SolarCoin
8.5.3.1. "SolarCoin: A bockchain-based solar energy incentive"
8.5.4. Energy Web
8.5.4.1. "The Energy Web Chain: Accelerating the Energy Transition with an Open-Source, Decentralized Blockchain Platform"
8.5.5. Suncontract
8.5.5.1. "Suncontract Whitepaper: An energy trading platform that utilises blockchain technology to create a new disruptive model for buying and selling electricity"
9. Internet of Things (IoT)
9.1. Overview
9.1.1. "The Internet of Things: A survey"
9.1.2. IoT White Papers
9.1.3. "Internet of Things for Telecom Engineers: A Report on Current State and Future Technologies" -IEEE
9.1.4. "On blockchain and its integration with IoT. Challenges and opportunities"
9.1.5. "How Blockchain can Unlock the Power of the Internet of Things"
9.1.6. "Blockchain, IoT and AI — A Perfect Fit"
9.1.7. Distributed device management
9.1.8. Commercial transportation
9.1.9. Product tracking
9.2. Supply chain & Logistics
9.2.1. "Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management"
9.2.2. "Building a Transparent Supply Chain" -HBS
9.2.3. "How Blockchain Will Redefine Supply Chain Management" -Knowledge@Wharton
9.2.4. "Blockchain technology for supply chains—A must or a maybe?" -McKinsey & Company
9.3. Ventures
9.3.1. Helium
9.3.1.1. "Helium: A Decentralized Wireless Network"
9.3.2. Chronicled
9.3.2.1. "The Method & Impact of Eliminating Chargeback Errors through Blockchain"
9.3.3. NetObjex
9.3.3.1. IoT Blockchain Platform WHITEPAPER
9.3.4. Hypr
9.3.4.1. "True Passwordless Security White Paper"
9.3.5. Xage Security
9.3.5.1. "Decentralized and Adaptive Security for the New Industrial Edge"
9.3.6. Grid+
9.3.6.1. "Grid+: Welcome to the Future of Energy"
10. Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)
10.1. Overview
10.1.1. "All About NFTs" -a16z
10.1.2. "NFT Use Cases, Today and Tomorrow" -a16z
10.1.3. "The Creator Economy: NFTs and Beyond" -a16z
10.1.4. "The NFT Gold Rush: How Cryptoartists Kick-Started a Boom" -NYT
10.2. Marketplaces
10.2.1. OpenSea
10.2.2. Rarible
10.2.3. SuperRare
10.2.4. Foundation
10.2.5. AtomicMarket
10.3. Metaverse
10.3.1. "Virtual Products & NFTs in the Metaverse"
10.3.2. "Will NFTs Power The Metaverse?"
10.3.3. NFT World: Gateway to the Metaverse
10.4. Cryptomedia
10.4.1. "Cultural Liquidity: The Rise of Cryptomedia"
10.4.2. Zora
11. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
11.1. Overview
11.1.1. "Blockchain for AI: Review and Open Research Challenges"
11.1.2. "The Fourth Industrial Revolution Built On Blockchain And Advanced With AI"
11.2. Creating diverse data sets
11.3. Data protection & monetization
11.4. Trusting AI decision making
11.5. Ventures
11.5.1. SingularityNET
11.5.1.1. SingularityNET Whitepaper 2.0
11.5.2. DeepBrain Chain
11.5.2.1. "DeepBrain Chain: Artificial Intelligence Computing Platform Driven by BlockChain"
11.5.3. Numerai
11.5.3.1. "Numeraire: A Cryptographic Token for Coordinating Machine Intelligence and Preventing Overfitting"
11.5.4. Matrix AI Network
11.5.4.1. MATRIX Technical Whitepaper
11.5.4.2. The MATRIX 2.0 Green Paper
12. Decentralized Finance (DeFi)
12.1. Overview
12.1.1. "How Blockchain Is Changing Finance" -HBS
12.1.2. "Blockchain technology in finance"
12.2. Cryptocurrencies
12.2.1. [Medium] Ultimate Cryptocurrency Resource List
12.2.2. [Bitcoin Wiki] Cryptocurrency Resource List
12.2.3. [a16z Podcast] "Crypto, an Oral Essay"
12.2.4. "3rd Global Cryptocurrency Benchmarking Study"
12.2.5. "Blockchain technology: Transforming libertarian cryptocurrency dreams to finance and banking realities"
12.2.6. Stablecoins
12.2.6.1. MakerDAO
12.2.6.1.1. "The Maker Protocol: MakerDAO's Multi-Collateral Dai (MCD) System"
12.2.6.2. Tether
12.2.6.2.1. "Tether: Fiat currencies on the Bitcoin blockchain"
12.2.6.2.2. Tether controversy
12.2.6.3. Paxos
12.2.6.3.1. Paxos Standard: White Paper
12.2.6.4. Gemini
12.2.6.4.1. "The Gemini Dollar: A Regulated Stable Value Coin"
12.2.6.5. True USD
12.2.6.5.1. "TRUSTTOKEN (TRU): Tokenizing real world assets to create fully collateralized fractional ownership"
12.2.7. Wallets
12.2.7.1. MetaMask
12.2.7.2. Coinbase Wallet
12.2.7.3. Gemeni
12.2.7.4. Hardware wallets
12.2.8. Regulations
12.2.8.1. "Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation 2021 | USA"
12.2.8.2. "Cryptocurrency 2021 Legislation" -NCSL
12.3. Prediction marketplace
12.3.1. Augur
12.3.1.1. "Augur: a Decentralized Oracle and Prediction Market Platform (v2.0)"
12.4. Insurance
12.4.1. Nexus Mutual
12.4.1.1. "NEXUS MUTUAL: A peer-to-peer discretionary mutual on the Ethereum blockchain."
12.4.2. iTrust Finance
12.4.2.1. iTrust.finance Whitepaper & Token Economics
12.4.3. Cover Protocol
12.4.3.1. Cover Protocol Product Paper
12.4.4. Etherisc
12.4.4.1. Etherisc White Paper
12.4.5. CoinDCX
12.4.5.1. CarbonDollarX WHITEPAPER
12.5. Investment & Trading
12.5.1. Funds
12.5.2. Airswap
12.5.2.1. "Swap: A Peer-to-Peer Protocol for Trading Ethereum Tokens"
12.5.3. Equilibrium
12.5.3.1. "Equilibrium: #1 decentralized interoperable money market"
12.5.4. Aurox
12.5.4.1. Aurox WHITE PAPER
12.5.5. dYdX
12.5.5.1. "dYdX: A Standard for Decentralized Margin Trading and Derivatives"
12.5.6. Harbor
12.5.6.1. "The Regulated Token™ (R-Token™) Standard"
13. Medicine & Health
13.1. Overview
13.1.1. "Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications"
13.1.2. "Blockchain technology: applications in health care"
13.1.3. "Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Systematic Review"
13.2. Health records
13.2.1. "A Case Study for Blockchain in Healthcare: “MedRec” prototype for electronic health records and medical research data"
13.2.2. "Ancile: Privacy-preserving framework for access control and interoperability of electronic health records using blockchain technology"
13.2.3. "Application of blockchain to maintaining patient records in electronic health record for enhanced privacy, scalability, and availability"
13.2.4. Vaccine passports
13.3. Vaccine distribution
13.4. Transparency in clinical trials
13.5. Ventures
13.5.1. BurstIQ
13.5.1.1. "BurstIQ: Bringing Health to Life"
13.5.2. Factom
13.5.2.1. "Factom: Business Processes Secured by Immutable Audit Trails on the Blockchain"
13.5.3. Medicalchain
13.5.3.1. Medicalchain Whitepaper 2.1
13.5.4. Guardtime
13.5.4.1. Guardtime White Papers
13.5.5. Coral Health
13.5.5.1. "Coral Health: The Blockchain for Personalized Medicine"
13.5.6. Robomed
13.5.6.1. Robomed White Paper
13.5.7. Nebula Genomics
13.5.7.1. "Accelerating Genomic Data Generation and Facilitating Genomic Data Access Using Decentralization, Privacy-Preserving Technologies and Equitable Compensation"
14. Governance
14.1. Overview
14.1.1. "Blockchain Technology and Decentralized Governance: Is the State Still Necessary?"
14.1.2. "Governance in Blockchain Technologies & Social Contract Theories"
14.1.3. "Blockchain in government: Benefits and implications of distributed ledger technology for information sharing"
14.2. Voting
14.2.1. "Blockchain-Enabled E-Voting
14.2.2. "What if blockchain technology revolutionised voting?"
14.2.3. "How Blockchain Technology Can Prevent Voter Fraud"
14.2.4. "Going from Bad to Worse: From Internet Voting to Blockchain Voting"
14.2.5. Voatz
14.2.6. Agora
14.2.7. Follow My Vote
14.2.8. SecureVote
14.3. Identity management
14.3.1. "A First Look at Identity Management Schemes on the Blockchain"
14.3.2. "Blockchain Identity Management: The Definitive Guide"
14.3.3. Security tokens
14.4. Public sector
14.4.1. "Blockchains Unchained: Blockchain Technology and its Use in the Public Sector" -OECD
14.4.2. National digital currency
14.4.2.1. "Cryptoassets as National Currency? A Step Too Far"
14.4.2.2. "Why Governments Are Afraid of Bitcoin"
14.4.2.3. "A Global First: Bitcoin as National Currency"
14.5. Legal industry
14.5.1. Smart contracts
14.5.1.1. "Contract law 2.0: ‘Smart’ contracts as the beginning of the end of classic contract law"
14.5.2. Intellectual property rights
14.5.3. Clearing & settlements
14.5.3.1. "Blockchain settlement: Regulation, innovation and application"
14.5.3.2. "Developing Blockchain Real-Time Clearing and Settlement in the EU, U.S., and Globally"
14.6. Prison systems
14.6.1. "Using The Blockchain To Change Prisons" -NPR
14.6.2. "Imprisoned on the Blockchain: How Crypto is Changing the Prison System"
14.7. DAOs
14.7.1. "Decentralized Autonomous Organization to Automate Governance"
14.7.2. DAOHaus's list of DAOs
14.7.3. SingularityDAO
14.7.3.1. "SingularityDAO Governance Whitepaper: Democratised Alpha Generation"
14.7.4. Moloch DAO
14.7.4.1. "The Moloch DAO: Beating the Tragedy of the Commons using Decentralized Autonomous Organizations"
14.7.5. Digix
14.7.5.1. "Digix’s Whitepaper: The Gold Standard in CryptoAssets"
14.7.6. DAO Stack
14.7.6.1. "DAO Stack: An Operating System for Collective Intelligence"
14.7.7. IMMO
14.7.7.1. "IMMO Manifest"
15. Education
15.1. Overview
15.1.1. "Exploring blockchain technology and its potential applications for education"
15.1.2. "Blockchain-Based Applications in Education: A Systematic Review"
15.2. Records management
15.3. Incentivizing education
15.4. Publishing
15.4.1. "A Framework Proposal for Blockchain-Based Scientific Publishing Using Shared Governance"
15.5. Ventures
15.5.1. Blockcerts
15.5.2. APPII
15.5.3. Gilgamesh Platform
15.5.4. ODEM
15.5.4.1. "Program Staking & Token Architecture"
15.5.5. Sony Global Education
15.5.6. Blockchain Education Network
15.5.7. Disciplina
15.5.7.1. Disciplina White Paper
15.5.8. Parchment
15.5.9. BitDegree
15.5.9.1. BitDegree WHITE PAPER
15.6. OET Blockchian in Education initiatives
15.6.1. Education Blockchain Initiative
15.6.2. Blockchain Innovation Challenge
15.6.3. Education Blockchain Action Network