1. Conceptualization
1.1. A process of rendering a text from one language into another.
1.1.1. Roman Jakobson describes three forms of translation:
1.1.1.1. Intralingual: within the same language.
1.1.1.2. Interlingual: between different languages.
1.1.1.3. Intersemiotic: from verbal signs to nonvebal siigns.
2. Development
2.1. In the United Kingdom
2.1.1. The first specialized university postgraduate courses in interpreting and translating were set up in the 1960s. In the academic year 1999/2000
2.2. Caminade and Pym (1995)
2.2.1. List at least 250 university-level bodies in over sixty countries offering four-year undergraduate degrees and/ or postgraduate courses in translation
2.3. A history of the discipline in the West
2.3.1. Linguistic translation theory
2.3.2. Functionalist approaches
2.3.3. Polysystem theory
2.3.4. The ‘cultural turn’ heralded
2.3.5. Philosophical questions related to literary hermeneutics* and to ethics
3. Name of the discipline
3.1. "Translation Studies" was not proposed until 1972
3.1.1. Alternative to: *Translatology *Translation science
3.2. Translation Studies is the discipline which studies phenomena associated with translation in its many forms.
4. The findings of the pure research are applied “in actual translation situations, in translation training, and in translation criticism."
4.1. - Descriptive translation studies - Theoretical translation studies
5. “to describe the phenomena of translating and translation(s) as they manifest themselves in the world of our experience, and [...] to establish general principles by means of which these phenomena can be explained and predicted
5.1. - Process (understanding the cognitive, decision-making capacities of the translator) - Product (what are the features of a translated text or genre, what are the characteristics of translated language. - Phenomenon (what is understood as translation by different cultures,different historical and geographical points, a specific translation or group of translations received in the target culture, etc.)
6. Study
6.1. Empirical discipline
6.1.1. Applied translation studies
7. Scholars
7.1. Georges Mounin, , James S. Holmes, Jean-Paul Vinay, Jean Darbelnet, Eugene Nida
8. Ethics in the Translation and Interpreting Curriculum (Baker, 2013)
8.1. Ethics in Translator
8.1.1. Translator and interpreter education has traditionally sidestepped the issue of ethics.
8.1.2. Translation is one of the core practices through which any cultural group constructs representations of another.
8.2. Strategies
8.2.1. The use of paratextual material such as prefaces, introductions and footnotes.
8.2.2. The switch from first to third person pronoun in interpreting
8.2.3. The use of cultural ‘equivalents’ to enhance the intelligibility or impact of a translation in the target context