1. Complex approach to classifying parts of speech: meaning, form and function. Notional and functional parts of speech.
1.1. Semantic criterion
1.1.1. The semantic criterion presupposes the grammatical meaning of the whole class of words (general grammatical meaning) Nouns (Substantivity), Verbs (Verbiality)
1.2. Formal criterion
1.2.1. The formal criterion reveals paradigmatic properties: relevant grammatical categories, the form of the words, their specific inflectional and derivational features
1.3. Functional criterion
1.3.1. The functional criterion concerns the syntactic function of words in the sentence and their combinability in the phrase
1.4. Open and Closed classes
1.4.1. Open
1.4.1.1. nouns pronouns numerals verbs adjectives adverbs
1.4.2. Closed
1.4.2.1. determiners particles prepositions conjunctions ections
2. The problem of classification of function words.
2.1. In English grammar, a function word is a word that expresses a grammatical or structural relationship with other words in a sentence.
2.1.1. Function words are also known as:
2.1.1.1. structure words
2.1.1.2. grammatical words
2.1.1.3. grammatical functors
2.1.1.4. grammatical morphemes
2.1.1.5. form words
2.1.1.6. function morphemes
2.1.1.7. empty words
2.2. Function words include:
2.2.1. Determiners
2.2.1.1. Articles
2.2.1.2. Demonstratives
2.2.1.3. Possessive pronouns
2.2.1.4. Quantifiers
2.2.2. Conjunctions
2.2.3. Prepositions
3. Grammatically relevant classes of function words.
3.1. semantic propertoes
3.1.1. The semantic criterion refers to the generalized semantic properties common to the whole class of words, e.g.: the generalized (or, categorial) meaning of nouns is “thingness”, of verbs process, of adjectives substantive property, of adverbs non-substantive property.
3.2. functional properties
3.2.1. The functional criterion is based on the functions that the words of a particular class fulfill in the sentence, e.g.: the most characteristic functions of the noun are those of a subject and an object; the only function of the finite form of the verb is that of a predicate; the adjective functions in most contexts as an attribute; the adverb as an adverbial modifier.
3.3. formal properties
3.3.1. The formal criterion embraces the formal features (word-building and word-changing) that are characteristic for a particular part of speech, e.g.: the noun is characterized by a specific set of word-building affixes, cf.: property, bitterness, worker, etc., and is changed according to the categories of number, case and article determination: boy-boys, boy – boy’s, boy – the boy – a boy, etc. Combinability is also a relevant formal feature for each particular part of speech; for example, verbs can be modified by adverbs, while nouns cannot (except in specific contexts).
4. The article as a functional part of speech.
4.1. Article determination
4.1.1. shows, or, determines the relations of the referent of the noun to the other referents of the same class
4.2. System of oppositions
4.2.1. Identification
4.2.2. Non-identification
4.2.3. Relative Generalization
4.2.4. Absolute Generalization
4.3. Functions of a definite article
4.3.1. Specifying
4.3.2. Generic
4.4. Functions of an indefinite article
4.4.1. Classification
4.4.1.1. (a representative of the class of objects)
4.4.2. Indefiniteness
4.4.2.1. (An imaginary object)
4.4.3. Introduction
4.4.3.1. (introducing a new object to the hearer)
4.4.4. Quantifying
4.4.4.1. (oneness)
4.5. Functions of a zero article
5. Different approaches to the classification of the parts of speech
5.1. Classical (Logical-inflectional)
5.1.1. The underlying principle form and paradigmatic properties of words
5.1.1.1. Declinable and indeclinable
5.2. Functional-formal
5.2.1. a division based on form Only within the class - the principle of function
5.2.1.1. Indeclinables (particles), Declinables (nominative)
5.3. Functional-formal
5.3.1. on the basis of function – a noun-word which is a word that can function as a noun
5.3.1.1. Substantives (N, V, Adj, Adv) Particles (Adv, Prep, Interject)
5.4. Distributional
5.4.1. the methods of distributional analysis and substitution
5.4.1.1. 4 major classes of words 15 groups of function words
6. The problem of the zero article.
6.1. In English grammar, the term zero article refers to an occasion in speech or writing where a noun or noun phrase is not preceded by an article (a, an, or the). The zero article is also known as the zero determiner.
6.2. Generalization (relative) Classification
6.2.1. ( referring objects and phenomena to a certain class)
6.3. Abstraction (absolute)
6.3.1. (with abstract nouns)