Jewish History Timeline

1. Bible

1.1. Joshua Joshua 1380 BC

1.2. Judges Samuel 1050 BC

1.3. Ruth Samuel 1050 BC

1.4. 1 Samuel Uncertain, Samuel? 1010 BC

1.5. 2 Samuel Uncertain, Nathan? 970 BC

1.6. 1 Kings Jeremiah 580 BC

1.7. 2 Kings Jeremiah 580 BC

1.8. 1 Chronicles Ezra 440 BC

1.9. 2 Chronicles Ezra 440 BC

1.10. Ezra Ezra 440 BC

1.11. Nehemiah Nehemiah 420 BC

1.12. Esther Uncertain, Mordecai? 440 BC

1.13. Job Uncertain, Elihu? 2000 BC

1.14. Psalms David, and at least 6 others 1450-430 BC

1.15. Proverbs Solomon 935 BC

1.16. Ecclesistes Solomon 935 BC

1.17. Song of Solomon Solomon 965 BC

1.18. Isaiah Isaiah 685 BC

1.19. Jeremiah Jeremiah 585 BC

1.20. Lamentations Jeremiah 585 BC

1.21. Ezekiel Ezekiel 573 BC

1.22. Daniel Daniel 530 BC

1.23. Hosea Hosea 755 BC

1.24. Joel Joel 800 BC

1.25. Amos Amos 760 BC

1.26. Obadiah Obadiah 845 BC

1.27. Jonah Jonah 780 BC

1.28. Micah Micah 725 BC

1.29. Nahum Nahum 655 BC

1.30. Habakkuk Habakkuk 620 BC

1.31. Zephaniah Zephaniah 625 BC

1.32. Haggai Haggai 520 BC

1.33. Zechariah Zechariah 520 BC

1.34. Malachi Malachi 470 BC

2. Jewish Timeline

2.1. Creation

2.1.1. -3760/ 1 Creation of the world; birth of Adam and Eve (Chavah)

2.1.2. -3631/ 130 Seth (son of Adam) was born

2.1.3. -3526 / 235 Enoch (son of Seth) was born

2.1.4. -3436 / 325 Keynan (son of Enosh) was born

2.1.5. -3366 / 395 Mehalalel (son of Keynan) was born

2.1.6. -3301 / 460 Yered (son of Mehalalel) was born

2.1.7. -3139 / 622 Chanoch (son of Yered) was born

2.1.8. -3074 / 687 Metushelach (son of Chanoch) was born

2.1.9. -2887 / 874 Lemech II (son of Metushelach) was born

2.1.10. -2831 / 930 Adam died

2.1.11. -2705 / 1056 Noah (son of Lemech II) was born

2.1.12. -2225 / 1536 Noah began the construction of the ark

2.1.13. -2205 / 1556 Yaphet (son of Noah) was born

2.1.14. -2204 / 1557 Cham (son of Noah) was born

2.1.15. -2203 / 1558 Shem (son of Noah) was born

2.1.16. -2105 / 1656 Metushelach died

2.1.17. -2105 / 1656 The great flood covered the earth

2.1.18. -2103 / 1658 Arpachshad (son of Shem) was born

2.1.19. -2068 / 1693 Shelach (son of Arpachshad) born

2.1.20. -2038 / 1723 Eber (son of Shelach) was born

2.1.21. -2004 / 1757 Peleg (son of Eber) was born

2.1.22. -1974 / 1787 Re'u (son of Peleg) was born

2.1.23. -1942/ 1819 Serug (son of Re'u) was born

2.1.24. -1912 / 1849 Nachor I (son of Serug) was born

2.1.25. -1883 / 1878 Terah (son of Nachor I) was born

2.2. The Forefathers

2.2.1. -1813 / 1948 Abraham (son of Terah) was born

2.2.2. -1803 / 1958 Sarah (daughter of Haran) was born

2.2.3. -1788 / 1973 Abraham married Sarah

2.2.4. -1765 / 1996 Dispersion from Babel after building the tower

2.2.5. -1761 / 2000 Terah left Ur Kasdim with his family

2.2.6. -1755 / 2006 Noah died

2.2.7. -1743 / 2018 The covenant (Brit Bein Habetarim) with Abraham

2.2.8. -1738 / 2023 Abraham settled in Canaan

2.2.9. -1727 / 2034 Ishmael (son of Abraham) was born

2.2.10. -1713 / 2048 Abraham circumcised himself and Ishmael

2.2.11. -1713 / 2048 Sodom and Gommorah were destroyed

2.2.12. -1713 / 2048 Isaac (son of Abraham) was born

2.2.13. -1677 / 2084 The Akeda, where Isaac was brought on the altar by Abraham

2.2.14. -1677 / 2084 Sarah died

2.2.15. -1653 / 2108 Jacob and Esau were born

2.2.16. -1638 / 2123 Abraham died

2.2.17. -1603 / 2158 Shem (son of Noah) died

2.2.18. -1590 / 2171 Isaac blessed Jacob instead of Esau

2.2.19. -1576 / 2185 Jacob went to Haran

2.2.20. -1574 / 2187 Eber (great-grandson of Shem) died

2.2.21. -1569 / 2192 Jacob married Leah and Rachel

2.2.22. -1566 / 2195 Levi (son of Jacob and Leah) was born

2.2.23. -1562 / 2199 Joseph, son of Jacob and Rachel, was born

2.2.24. -1556 / 2205 Jacob left Haran

2.2.25. -1553 / 2208 Benjamin was born

2.2.26. -1545 / 2216 Joseph was sold

2.2.27. -1533 / 2228 Isaac died

2.2.28. -1532 / 2229 Joseph became viceroy of Egypt

2.2.29. -1526 / 2235 Kehot (son of Levi) was born

2.2.30. -1523 / 2238 Jacob (and his family) went to Egypt

2.3. Living in Egypt

2.3.1. -1506 / 2255 Jacob died

2.3.2. -1429 / 2332 After Levi died, the enslavement in Egypt began

2.3.3. -1393 / 2368 Moses was born

2.3.4. -1355 / 2406 Joshua was born

2.3.5. -1314 / 2447 Moses encountered the burning bush

2.3.6. -1313 / 2448 The Jewish nation left Egypt

2.4. Traveling Through the Desert

2.4.1. -1313 / 2448 The Jewish nation crossed the Red Sea

2.4.2. -1313 / 2448 The revelation at Mount Sinai and the giving of the Torah

2.4.3. -1313 / 2448 Moses broke the Tablets

2.4.4. -1312 / 2449 Moshe came down Mount Sinai with the second Tablets

2.4.5. -1312 / 2449 The Tabernacle was erected

2.4.6. -1312 / 2449 The spies returned from Canaan with bad news

2.4.7. -1274 / 2487 Aharon and Miriam died

2.4.8. -1273 / 2488 Moses died

2.5. Judges and Early Prophets

2.5.1. -1273 / 2488 The Jews crossed the Jordan into Canaan

2.5.2. -1258 / 2503 The appointment of the Land of Israel was completed

2.5.3. -1245 / 2516 Joshua died

2.5.4. -1228 / 2533 The rule of Judges began with Othniel ben Kenaz

2.5.5. -1188 / 2573 Ehud ben Gerah became leader

2.5.6. -1107 / 2654 Shamgar ben Anath died

2.5.7. -1107 / 2654 Deborah became leader

2.5.8. -1067 / 2694 Gideon became leader

2.5.9. -1027 / 2734 Abimelech, son of Gideon, became leader

2.5.10. -1024 / 2737 Tola, son of Pua, became leader

2.5.11. -1003 / 2758 Jair, the Gileadite, became leader

2.5.12. -982 / 2779 Jephtah (HaGil'adi) became leader

2.5.13. -969 / 2792 Elon (HaZevuloni) became leader

2.5.14. -959 / 2802 Abdon ben Hillel became leader

2.5.15. -951 / 2810 Samson became leader

2.5.16. -931 / 2830 Eli the Kohen became leader

2.5.17. -907 / 2854 David was born

2.5.18. -890 / 2871 Samuel became leader

2.6. Kings and the First Holy Temple

2.6.1. -879 / 2882 Saul was appointed king

2.6.2. -877 / 2884 David became king of Judah in Hebron

2.6.3. -869 / 2892 David became king of Israel in Jerusalem

2.6.4. -837 / 2924 Solomon became king

2.6.5. -833 / 2928 The building of the first Beit Hamikdash commenced

2.6.6. -827 / 2935 The first Beit Hamikdash was completed

2.6.7. -797 / 2964 Solomon died and his kingdom was divided

2.6.8. -797 / 2964 Rehabeam (son of Solomon) became king of Judah

2.6.9. -797 / 2964 Jeroboam ben Nevat became king over Israel

2.6.10. -718 / 3043 Elijah went up in a chariot of fire

2.6.11. -677 / 3084 Joash renovated the Beit Hamikdash

2.6.12. -619 / 3142 Isaiah began his prophecies

2.6.13. -574 / 3187 The first two of the Ten Tribes were exiled

2.6.14. -566 / 3195 Another two of the Ten Tribes were exiled

2.6.15. -562 / 3199 Hezekiah became king of Judah

2.6.16. -556 / 3205 The last of the Ten Tribes were exiled

2.6.17. -548 / 3213 Sennacherib invaded the Land of Judah and retreated

2.6.18. -533 / 3228 Menasseh (son of Hezekiah) became king of Judah

2.6.19. -463 / 3298 Jeremiah began his prophecies

2.6.20. -458 / 3303 Josiah renovated the Beit Hamikdash

2.6.21. -442 / 3319 Jerusalem was conquered and Joiakim (Yehoyakim) was exiled

2.6.22. -440 / 3321 Joiakim burned the Book of Lamentations composed by Jeremiah

2.6.23. -434 / 3327 Jerusalem was conquered again and Jehoiachin was exiled

2.6.24. -430 / 3331 Jeremiah persisted in prophesying calamity

2.6.25. -429 / 3332 Ezekiel prophesied in exile

2.6.26. -425 / 3336 The final Babylonian siege of Jerusalem

2.6.27. -423 / 3338 The walls of Jerusalem were penetrated

2.6.28. -423 / 3338 The sacrifices ceased in the Beit Hamikdash

2.6.29. -423 / 3338 The first Beit Hamikdash was destroyed

2.7. Exile in Babylon

2.7.1. -423 / 3339 Gedalyah ben Achikam was killed

2.7.2. -421 / 3340 Daniel interpreted Nebuchadnezzar dream

2.7.3. -410 / 3352 Ezekiel prophesied about the future Beit Hamikdash

2.7.4. -372 / 3389 Daniel read the writing on the wall

2.7.5. -372 / 3389 Daniel was thrown into the lion's den

2.7.6. -371 / 3390 Zerubabel led the return to the Land of Israel

2.7.7. -370 / 3391 Building of Second Beit Hamikdash commenced, then halted

2.7.8. -366 / 3395 Achashverosh II made his great banquet

2.7.9. -362 / 3399 Esther was taken to the palace

2.7.10. -357 / 3404 Esther took action against Haman's decree

2.7.11. -355 / 3406 Mordechai proclaimed the celebration of Purim

2.7.12. -353 / 3408 Building of the second Beit Hamikdash resumed

2.7.13. -349 / 3412 The second Beit Hamikdash was completed

2.8. Building of the Second Holy Temple

2.8.1. -348 / 3413 Ezra led the second return to the Land of Israel

2.8.2. -335 / 3426 Nehemiah returned to rebuild walls of Jerusalem

2.8.3. -313 / 3448 Ezra died

2.8.4. -313 / 3448 Simon the Tzaddik met Alexander the Great

2.8.5. -313 / 3449 The Minyan Shtarot began

2.9. Greek Cultural Domination

2.9.1. -273 / 3488 Simon the Tzaddik died

2.9.2. -246 / 3515 72 Elders translated the Torah into Greek (Septuagint)

2.9.3. -140 / 3621 The revolt of Mattityahu the Chashmona'i

2.10. Kingdom of Judea: Dynasty of the Chashmona'im

2.10.1. -139 / 3622 Judah the Maccabee ruled

2.10.2. -139 / 3622 The Second Beit Hamikdash was re-dedicated

2.10.3. -138 / 3623 Hannukah was declared a festival

2.10.4. -133 / 3628 Judah the Maccabee was killed in battle

2.10.5. -133 / 3628 Yonatan (son of Mattityahu) ruled

2.10.6. -127 / 3634 Shimon (son of Mattityahu) ruled

2.10.7. -119 / 3642 Yohanan Hyrkanos (son of Shimon) ruled

2.10.8. -93 / 3668 Judah Aristoblus (son of Yochanan Hyrkanos) ruled

2.10.9. -91 / 3670 Alexander Yannai (son of Yochanan Hyrkanos) ruled

2.10.10. -73 / 3688 Queen Shalomtzion (Salome Alexandra, wife of Alexander Yannai) ruled

2.10.11. -65 / 3696 Aristoblus II (son of Alexander Yannai) ruled/td>

2.10.12. -61 / 3700 The Romans gained control of Judea

2.10.13. -61 / 3700 Hyrkanos II (son of Alexander Yannai) ruled

2.10.14. -40 / 3721

2.10.15. -40 / 3721 Antigonus (son of Aristoblus II) ruled

2.11. Roman Client Kings and Rulers: The Herodian Dynasty

2.11.1. -36 / 3725 Herod I ruled, killing all the Chashmona'im

2.11.2. -33 / 3728 Hillel became the leader of the Torah scholars

2.11.3. -19 / 3742 Herod I began rebuilding the second Beit Hamikdash

2.11.4. -11 / 3750 Renovation of the second Beit Hamikdash was completed

2.11.5. 1 / 3761 Archelaus (son of Herod I) ruled

2.11.6. 8 / 3768 Hillel died

2.11.7. 10 / 3770 Archelaus was deposed by the Roman Emperor

2.11.8. 21 / 3781 Agrippa I (grandson of Herod I) ruled

2.11.9. 28 / 3788 The Sanhedrin moved from the second Beit Hamikdash

2.11.10. 44 / 3804 Agrippa II (son of Agrippa I) ruled

2.11.11. 50 / 3810 Rabban Gamliel I (son of Shimon) grandson of Hillel, died

2.11.12. 66 / 3826 Vespasian arrived in Judea to reassert Roman authority

2.11.13. 69 / 3829 The second Beit Hamikdash was destroyed

2.12. The Talmudic Era: The Mishnah

2.12.1. 74 / 3834 R. Yohanan ben Zakkai died

2.12.2. 86 / 3846 The Sanhedrin moved from place to place, under R. Gamliel II

2.12.3. 133 / 3893 Betar fell, and the Bar Kochba revolt ended in tragedy

2.12.4. 134 / 3894 Judaism was banned, and R. Akiva was imprisoned

2.12.5. 189 / 3949 R. Judah Hanassi completed the Mishnah around this time

2.13. The Talmudic Era: The Gemara

2.13.1. 219 / 3979 Rav left the Land of Israel and settled in Bablyonia

2.13.2. 247 / 4007 Shmuel was the Talmudic authority in Bablyonia

2.13.3. 254 / 4014 R. Yohanan was the leading Talmudic authority

2.13.4. 290 / 4050 R. Huna was the leading Talmudic authority

2.13.5. 298 / 4058 R. Yehudah was the leading Talmudic authority

2.13.6. 300 / 4060 R. Chisda was the leading Talmudic authority

2.13.7. 309 / 4069 Rabbah was the leading Talmudic authority

2.13.8. 321 / 4081 R. Yosef was the leading Talmudic authority

2.13.9. 325 / 4085 Abayey was the leading Talmudic authority

2.13.10. 338 / 4098 Rava was the leading Talmudic authority

2.13.11. 359 / 4119 Hillel II (who established the calendar) became Nassi

2.13.12. 392 / 4152 R. Ashi was the leading Talmudic authority

2.13.13. 427 / 4187 R. Ashi died after the compilation of the Gemara

2.13.14. 475 / 4235 The Talmud was complete when Ravina II died

2.14. The Rabbanan

2.14.1. 551 / 4311 Mar Zutra proclaimed Jewish self-rule in Babylonia

2.15. The Geonim

2.15.1. 589 / 4349 The talmudic academy of Pumpedita was reconstituted

2.15.2. 609 / 4369 The talmudic academy of Sura was reconstituted

2.15.3. 614 / 4374 The Persians conquered the Land of Israel

2.15.4. 614 / 4374 The Jews were allowed to return to Jerusalem

2.15.5. 629 / 4389 The Byzantine Empire reconquered the Land of Israel

2.15.6. 636 / 4396 R. Yitzchak was the last gaon of Neharde'a (Firuz-Shabur)

2.15.7. 637 / 4397 The Arabs conquered the Land of Israel

2.15.8. 645 / 4405 One of the "Takkkanot Hage'onim" was enacted at this time

2.15.9. 755 / 4515 R. Achai Gaon left Iraq for the Land of Israel

2.15.10. 759 / 4519 R. Yehuda became gaon of Sura

2.15.11. 759 / 4519 The Halachot Gedolot (BaHag) was written at this time

2.15.12. 788 / 4548 Another of the "Takkanot Hage'onim" was enacted at this time

2.15.13. 858 / 4618 R. Amram (who wrote the Siddur) became gaon of Sura

2.15.14. 928 / 4688 Rabbeinu Saadya was appointed gaon of Sura

2.15.15. 955 / 4715 "Four Captives" were ransomed at around this time

2.15.16. 968 / 4728 R. Sherira became gaon of Pumpedita

2.15.17. 997 / 4757 R. Hai became (the last) gaon of Pumpedita

2.15.18. 1038 / 4798 R. Hai died, and the academies of Babylon declined

2.16. The Early Rishonim: The Crusade Massacres

2.16.1. 1040 / 4800 Rabbeinu Gersom Me’or Hagola died

2.16.2. 1088 / 4848 The Rif arrived in Spain from Morocco

2.16.3. 1096 / 4856 The Crusaders destroyed Jewish communities

2.16.4. 1099 / 4859 Jerusalem was captured by the Crusaders

2.16.5. 1103 / 4863 The Rif died

2.16.6. 1105 / 4865 Rashi died, and the era of the Tosaphot began

2.16.7. 1135 / 4895 The Rambam (Maimonides) was born

2.16.8. 1144 / 4904 The first (recorded) blood libel took place

2.16.9. 1147 / 4907 The Crusaders attacked Jewish communities

2.16.10. 1147 / 4907 Rabbeinu Tam was captured by the Crusaders

2.16.11. 1148 / 4908 The Rambam's and the Radak's families left Cordova

2.16.12. 1165 / 4925 The Rambam visited the Land of Israel

2.16.13. 1171 / 4931 Rabbeinu Tam died

2.16.14. 1175 / 4935 The Rashbam died

2.16.15. 1184 / 4944 The young son of the Ri was killed

2.16.16. 1187 / 4948 Jews were allowed to return to Jerusalem

2.16.17. 1189 / 4949 R. Yaakov D'Orleans was killed in London

2.16.18. 1190 / 4950 Jews were massacred in England in the third Crusade

2.16.19. 1191 / 4951 Rabbi David Kimchi, known as the "Radak", wrote his commentary

2.16.20. 1194 / 4954 The Ramban (Nachmanides) was born

2.16.21. 1198 / 4959 The Ra'avad died

2.16.22. 1204 / 4965 The Rambam died

2.16.23. 1236 / 4996 Rampaging mobs massacred Jews in France

2.16.24. 1242 / 5002 A massive burning of the Talmud took place in Paris

2.16.25. 1244 / 5004 Jerusalem was sacked by Egyptians and Turks

2.16.26. 1252 / 5012 The Inquisition began to use torture

2.16.27. 1267 / 5027 The Ramban left Spain and settled in the Land of Israel

2.16.28. 1270 / 5030 The Ramban died

2.16.29. 1286 / 5046 The Maharam MeRothenburg was imprisoned

2.16.30. 1290 / 5050 New works advanced the study of Kabbalah

2.16.31. 1290 / 5050 The era of the Tosaphot concluded at around this time

2.16.32. at around this time

2.16.33. 1198 / 4959 The Ra'avad died

2.16.34. 1204 / 4965 The Rambam died

2.16.35. 1236 / 4996 Rampaging mobs massacred Jews in France

2.16.36. 1242 / 5002 A massive burning of the Talmud took place in Paris

2.16.37. 1244 / 5004 Jerusalem was sacked by Egyptians and Turks

2.16.38. 1252 / 5012 The Inquisition began to use torture

2.16.39. 1267 / 5027 The Ramban left Spain and settled in the Land of Israel

2.16.40. 1270 / 5030 The Ramban died

2.16.41. 1286 / 5046 The Maharam MeRothenburg was imprisoned

2.16.42. 1290 / 5050 New works advanced the study of Kabbalah

2.16.43. 1290 / 5050 The era of the Tosaphot concluded at around this time

2.17. Later Rishonim: Persecutions and Expulsions

2.17.1. 1290 / 5050 All Jews were expelled from England

2.17.2. 1293 / 5053 The Maharam MeRothenburg died in prison

2.17.3. 1298 / 5058 The Rindfleisch massacres began

2.17.4. 1298 / 5058 The author of the 'Mordechai' and Hagahot Maimoniyot were killed

2.17.5. 1305 / 5065 The Rashba placed a limited ban on philosophy

2.17.6. 1305 / 5065 The Rosh and his son, the Tur, arrived in Spain

2.17.7. 1306 / 5066 All Jews were expelled from France

2.17.8. 1310 / 5070 The Rashba died

2.17.9. 1320 / 5080 Jews were massacred by the Pastoureaux Crusaders

2.17.10. 1327 / 5088 The Rosh died

2.17.11. 1336 / 5096 Jews of Germany were massacred by the Armleder bands

2.17.12. 1338 / 5098 The Ralbag wrote his commentary on the Bible

2.17.13. 1349 / 5109 The Black Death massacres swept across Europe

2.17.14. 1367 / 5127 The Ran, Rivash, and other scholars in Spain were imprisoned

2.17.15. 1391 / 5151 Jews of Spain were massacred — many were forced to convert

2.17.16. 1391 / 5151 The Rivash and Rashbatz left Spain

2.17.17. 1394 / 5155 The Final expulsion of Jews from France

2.17.18. 1413 / 5173 R. Yosef Albo was in a forced debate with Christians

2.17.19. 1421 / 5181 Jews in Austria were massacred in the Wiener Gezera

2.17.20. 1475 / 5235 The invention of printing was used for Jewish books

2.17.21. 1481 / 5241 The Inquisition was established in Spain

2.17.22. 1488 / 5248 R. Ovadiah De Bertinoro settled in Jerusalem

2.17.23. 1491 / 5251 Columbus consulted R. Avraham Zacuto for his travels

2.17.24. 1492 / 5252 All Jews were expelled from Spain and Sicily

2.18. The Great Scholars of the Shulchan Aruch and Torah Consolidation

2.18.1. 1493 / 5253 R.Yitzchak Abarbanel arrived in Naples, from Spain

2.18.2. 1496 / 5257 All Jews were expelled from Portugal

2.18.3. 1516 / 5276 The Ein Yaakov was printed

2.18.4. 1516 / 5276 The Turks (Ottoman Empire) conquered Eretz Yisrael

2.18.5. 1525 / 5285 R.Yosef Yoselman saved many Jews during the Peasants' War

2.18.6. 1553 / 5314 A mass burning of Jewish books took place in Rome

2.18.7. 1563 / 5323 The Shulchan Aruch was completed by R.Yosef Karo

2.18.8. 1570 / 5330 The Shulchan Aruch was published with supplements of Rama

2.18.9. 1572 / 5332 The Arizal died in Tzfat

2.18.10. 1573 / 5333 The Maharal came to Prague

2.18.11. 1573 / 5334 The Maharshal died

2.18.12. 1575 / 5335 R.Yosef Karo died in Tzefat

2.18.13. 1599 / 5359 The Maharal returned to Prague again

2.18.14. 1614 / 5374 The Maharsha became rabbi in Lublin

2.18.15. 1616 / 5377 The Tosaphot Yom Tov commentary was concluded

2.18.16. 1621 / 5382 The Shaloh arrived in the Land of Israel

2.18.17. 1629 / 5389 R.Yom Tov Lipman Heller was imprisoned in Prague

2.18.18. 1640 / 5400 R.Yoel Sirkes, the Bach, died

2.18.19. 1646 / 5406 The Shach and Taz (on Shulchan Aruch) were printed

2.18.20. 1648 / 5408 Jews were massacred by Chmielnicki’s forces

2.19. Early Acharonim and East European Massacres

2.19.1. 1654 / 5414 The first Jews settled in New Amsterdam (New York)

2.19.2. 1655 / 5415 Many Jews killed in Russian and Swedish invasions of Poland

2.19.3. 1656 / 5416 Jews were permitted to live in England

2.19.4. 1656 / 5416 Baruch Spinoza was excommunicated

2.19.5. 1673 / 5433 The Magen Avraham (on Shulchan Aruch) was completed

2.19.6. 1676 / 5437 Shabtai Tzvi died as a Muslim

2.19.7. 1689 / 5449 The Beit Shmuel (on the Shulchan Aruch) was printed

2.19.8. 1698 / 5458 The Baal Shem Tov was born

2.19.9. 1702 / 5463 The Pnei Yehoshua's family was killed in an explosion

2.19.10. 1712 / 5472 The Siftei Chachamim was arrested

2.19.11. 1724 / 5484 R.Yaakov Culi (Me'am Lo'ez) arrived in Constantinople

2.19.12. 1727 / 5487 The Mishneh LeMelech died

2.19.13. 1734 / 5494 Jews were massacred by the Haidamack bands

2.20. Acharonim and Early Chassidim

2.20.1. 1741 / 5501 The Or HaChayim arrived in the Land of Israel

2.20.2. 1747 / 5507 R. Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (Ramchal) died in Acco (Acre)

2.20.3. 1750 / 5510 R. Jonathan Eybeschutz became Rabbi in Hamburg

2.20.4. 1754 / 5515 R. Yechezkel Landau, known as the "Noda BiYehuda", became Rabbi in Prague

2.20.5. 1757 / 5518 The Frankists instigated mass burnings of the Talmud

2.20.6. 1759 / 5519 Frankists supported blood libel charges in public 'debate'

2.20.7. 1760 / 5520 The Baal Shem Tov died

2.20.8. 1764 / 5524 The Council of Four Lands, known as the "Vaad Arba Aratzot", was discontinued

2.20.9. 1768 / 5528 Despite resistance, the Haidamacks massacre thousands

2.20.10. 1772 / 5532 The Maggid of Mezeritsch died

2.20.11. 1782 / 5542 R. N. Adler and Chatam Sofer visited the Noda BiYehuda

2.20.12. 1786 / 5546 R. Elimelech of Lizensk died

2.20.13. 1791 / 5551 The Pale of Settlement was established in Russia

2.20.14. 1793 / 5553 Jews suffered in reign of terror of French Revolution

2.20.15. 1797 / 5558 The Vilna Gaon died

2.20.16. 1798 / 5559 The Ba'al HaTanya was released from first imprisonment

2.20.17. 1799 / 5559 Napoleon led an army expedition through the Land of Israel

2.20.18. 1806 / 5566 The Chida (R. Chaim Yosef David Azulai) died

2.20.19. 1806 / 5566 The Chatam Sofer became rabbi in Pressburg

2.20.20. 1809 / 5570 R. Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev died

2.20.21. 1810 / 5571 R. Nachman of Breslov died

2.20.22. 1814 / 5574 R. Akiva Eger became rabbi in Posen

2.20.23. 1814 / 5575 Kozhnitzer Maggid and Yehudi of Peshischa, both died

2.20.24. 1815 / 5575 Chozeh of Lublin and R. Mendel of Rymanov both died

2.20.25. 1819 / 5579 Anti Jewish riots spread throughout Germany

2.20.26. 1827 / 5587 Russia began conscripting Jewish children to the army

2.20.27. 1840 / 5600 R.Yisrael of Ruzhin was released from imprisonment

2.21. Later Acharonim and the Changing Society

2.21.1. 1846 / 5606 Sir Moshe Montefiore visited Russia to help local Jews

2.21.2. 1848 / 5609 R. Yisrael Salanter left Vilna

2.21.3. 1851 / 5611 R. Shimshon Raphael Hirsch became rabbi in Frankfort am Main

2.21.4. 1859 / 5619 R. Menachem Mendel of Kotzk died

2.21.5. 1864 / 5624 The Malbim was imprisoned, and then expelled from Rumania

2.21.6. 1866 / 5626 Chidushei HaRim, Tiferet Shlomo, and Tzemach Tzedek, died

2.21.7. 1873 / 5633 The Chafetz Chaim was published

2.21.8. 1874 / 5634 The Minchat Chinuch died

2.21.9. 1878 / 5638 Petah Tikvah agricultural settlement was established

2.21.10. 1881 / 5641 Many Jews began leaving Russia after a wave of pogroms

2.21.11. 1886 / 5646 R. Shlomo Ganzfried (author of Kitzur Shulchan Aruch) died

2.21.12. 1892 / 5652 R. Chaim (Brisker) became Rabbi in Brisk

2.21.13. 1905 / 5665 Many Jews were killed in (official) Russian pogroms

2.21.14. 1911 / 5671 Chazon Ish was published

2.21.15. 1914 / 5674 Over 500,000 Jewish soldiers fought in World War I

2.21.16. 1918 / 5678 Over 60,000 Jews were killed during the Russian Revolution

2.21.17. 1938 / 5699 Jews were attacked in the Kristallnacht pogroms in Germany

2.22. The Holocaust

2.22.1. 1939 / 5699 Germany started World War II, and mass killing of Jews

2.22.2. 1941 / 5701 Nazi Germany unexpectedly invaded Russia. 200,000 Jews were killed at Babi Yar and Ponary

2.22.3. 1942 / 5702 400,000 Jews of Warsaw were sent to death camps

2.22.3.1. Jewish Narrative

2.22.3.2. Counter narrative

2.22.4. 1943 / 5703 Nazi Germany experienced massive losses in the battle of Stalingrad. The remaining Jews in Warsaw staged a massive uprising. Jewish uprisings at Treblinka, Sobibor, and Bialystock. The Danish people quietly rescued 93% of their Jews to safety

2.22.5. 1944 / 5704 300,000 Hungarian Jews were killed in 3 months. Uprising in Auschwitz death camp just before freedom

2.22.6. 1945 / 5705 Nazi Germany was conquered, and World War II ended

2.22.7. 6,000,000 Jews were killed by the Nazis during the war

2.23. The Modern State of Israel

2.23.1. 1947/5708 The United Nations divided Israel. Arabs attacked Israel to gain territory

2.23.2. 1948/5708 The State of Israel was established. Israel was invaded by many Arab countries

2.23.3. 1949/5709 The “War of Independence” in Israel ended

2.23.4. 1950/5710 All Jews left the ancient Jewish community of Iraq

2.23.5. 1950/5710 Almost all Jews of Yemen emigrated to Israel

2.23.6. 1951/5711 The Lubavitcher Rebbe accepts the mantle of leadership

2.23.7. 1956/5717 Jewish forces invaded Egypt and conquered the Sinai Desert

2.23.8. 1967/5727 Jerusalem re-united under Jewish rule in the Six Day War

2.23.9. 1973/5734 2,500 Jewish soldiers were killed in the Yom Kippur War

2.23.10. 1982/5742 Massive enemy arsenals were discovered in Lebanon

2.23.11. 1993/5753 A secret agreement signed in Oslo

2.23.12. 2020/5780 Israel signed “Abraham Accords,” normalizing relations with UAE and Bahrain, soon followed by Sudan and Morocco.

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