Biology 101

1. Chapter 7- Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

1.1. Autotrophs: self eaters

1.1.1. Heterotrophs: Other

1.2. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

1.2.1. Occurs in the Chloroplast:

1.2.1.1. Concentrated in the mesophyll the green tissue in the leaf

1.2.1.2. CO2 enters tiny pores in the stomata

1.2.2. Chlorophyll: light absorbing pigment

1.2.3. 6C02+6H20-----> C6H1206+602

1.2.4. Redox reaction

1.2.5. Linked by ATP and NADPH

1.2.5.1. Light reactions: convert light energy to chemical energy and release 02

1.2.5.1.1. Electromagnetic spectrum: full range of electromagnetic wavelengths from the very short gamma rays to very long radio waves.

1.2.5.1.2. Photosynthetic pigments: visible light in the chloroplast

1.2.5.2. Electron acceptor NADP+ reducing it to NADPH

1.2.5.3. Calvin cycle: occurs in the stroma and is called carbon fixation

1.2.6. Photosystem: light harvesting complexes surrounding a reaction center complex

1.2.6.1. Photosystem I

1.2.6.2. Photosystem II

1.2.7. Calvin Cycle;

1.2.7.1. Carbon fixation

1.2.7.2. Reduction

1.2.7.3. Release of one molecule of G3P

1.2.7.4. Regeneration of RuBP

2. Chapter 5: Membrane Structure, Synthesis and Transportl

2.1. Membrane structure:

2.1.1. Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

2.1.2. Signal transduction

2.1.3. Transport

2.1.4. Intercellular Junctions

2.1.5. Cell-cell recognition

2.1.6. Enzymatic activity

2.2. Phospholipids key ingredient

2.3. Diffusion: particles to spread out evenly in an available space

2.3.1. Concentration gradient

2.3.2. Passive transport: cell doesn't have to do work when molecules diffuse across membrane

2.3.3. Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

2.3.4. Tonicity: ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

2.3.5. Hypotonic: A solution with a solute concentration lower than that of the cell

2.3.6. Hypertonic: solution with a higher solute concentration

2.3.7. Osmoregulation: control of water balance

2.3.8. active transport: cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient

2.3.8.1. exocytosis (outside)

2.3.8.2. Endocytosis (inside)

2.3.8.3. Phagocytosis: cellular eating

2.3.8.4. Pinocytosis: cellular drinking

2.4. Energy:

2.4.1. Kinetic: energy of motion

2.4.1.1. Thermal

2.4.2. Potential: matter possesses as a result of its location

2.4.3. Chemical

2.4.4. First law of thermodynamic: energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transfer and transformed

2.4.5. Second law of thermodynamics: energy conversions increase the disorder of the universe

2.5. Inhibitor: regulates enzyme active

2.5.1. Competitive

2.5.2. Noncompetitive

2.5.3. Feedback

3. Chapter 6- Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism

3.1. Cellular respiration: C6H1206+602----->6C02+6H20+ATP

3.1.1. Three main stages:

3.1.1.1. Glycolysis

3.1.1.2. Citric acid cycle

3.1.1.2.1. Acetyl COA stokes the furnace

3.1.1.2.2. NADH, ATP and C02 are generated during redox reactions

3.1.1.2.3. Further redox reactions generate FADH2 and more NADH

3.1.1.3. Oxidative phosphorylation

3.1.1.3.1. Substrate-level: how ATP is formed

3.1.1.3.2. Electron transport chain: oxygen is the final acceptor

3.1.1.3.3. Chemiosmosis: uses energy stored in a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive ATP synthesis

3.2. Redox reactions

3.2.1. Oxidation: loss of electrons

3.2.2. Reduction: gaining of electrons

3.3. Fermentation: cells can produce ATP without oxygen

3.3.1. Lactic acid

3.3.2. Alcohol

4. Chapter 3- Organic Molecules

4.1. Organic Molecules

4.1.1. Organic compounds: carbon-based molecules

4.1.2. Hydrocarbons: compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen

4.1.2.1. Examples:

4.1.2.1.1. Methane

4.1.2.1.2. Propane

4.1.3. Isomers: compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements

4.1.4. Functional groups: affect a molecule's function by participating in chemical reactions in characteristic ways

4.1.4.1. Hydroxyl group: consists of hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton

4.1.4.2. Carbonyl group: a carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group

4.1.4.3. Carboxyl group: carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group

4.1.4.4. Amino group: Has a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and the carbon skeleton

4.1.4.5. Phosphate group: consists of a phophorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

4.1.4.6. Methyl group: consists of carbon bonded to three hydrogens.

4.1.5. Polysaccharides: are macromolecules

4.1.5.1. Strach

4.1.5.2. Glycogen

4.1.5.3. Cellulose : most abundant organic compound

4.1.6. Lipids: they do not mix well with water- hydrophobic

4.1.6.1. fats: glycerol and fatty acids

4.1.6.2. Unsaturated fatty acid

4.1.6.3. Saturated fatty acid

4.1.6.3.1. Examples:

4.1.6.3.2. Corn oil

4.1.6.3.3. Olive oil

4.1.6.3.4. vegetable oil

4.1.6.4. Trans fat: fat that is not good for you: associated with health risks

4.1.6.5. Important: phospholipids and steroids

4.1.7. Protein: polymer of amino acids

4.1.7.1. Peptide bond: the covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide formed by a dehydration reaction

4.1.7.2. Polypeptide: a polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

4.1.7.2.1. Denaturation: Polypeptide chains unravel losing their specific shape and their function

4.1.7.3. Primary Structure

4.1.7.4. Secondary Structure

4.1.7.5. Tertiary Structure

4.1.7.6. Quaternary Structure

4.2. Nucleic acids

4.2.1. DNA

4.2.1.1. RNA

4.2.2. Nucleotides

5. Chapter 4- General Features of Cellsl

5.1. Microscopes:

5.1.1. Light: visible light is passed through a specimen and then through a glass lense

5.1.2. Electron: focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface

5.1.3. Scanning Electron: Study the detailed architecture of cell surfaces

5.1.4. Transmission Electron: Used to study the details of internal cell structure

5.2. Chromosomes: carrying genes made of DNA

5.3. ribosomes: tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the genes

5.4. Cytoplasm: Interior

5.5. Nucleoid: region where the cell's DNA is located

5.6. flagella: propel through its liquid environment

5.7. Nucleus: Cell's DNA

5.8. Endomembrane System:

5.8.1. Nuclear envelope

5.8.2. Endoplasmic reticulum

5.8.2.1. Smooth

5.8.2.2. Rough

5.8.3. Golgi apparatus

5.8.3.1. Finishes

5.8.3.2. sorts

5.8.3.3. ships

5.8.4. Lysosomes

5.8.4.1. Break down body

5.8.5. Vacuoles

5.8.5.1. large vesicles that have a variety of functions

5.8.5.1.1. Central: helps the cell grow in size by absorbing water and enlarging

5.8.6. Plasma membrane

5.9. Central Power Stations:

5.9.1. Mitochondria: Organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cell: converting chemical energy of foods to chemical energy of the molecule ATP

5.9.2. Mitochondrial matrix: contains mitochondria DNA and ribosomes as well as enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration

5.10. Chloroplast: convert solar energy to chemical energy

5.10.1. Stroma: thick fluid inside inner membrane

5.10.1.1. Thylakoids: interconnected sacs

5.10.1.1.1. Granum: solar power packs

5.11. Cytoskeleton:

5.11.1. Microfilaments

5.11.1.1. Intermediate Filaments

5.11.1.1.1. Microtubules

5.12. Three types of cell junctions

5.12.1. Tight: tightly pressed together against each other and knit together by proteins

5.12.1.1. Anchoring: fastening cells together into strong sheets

5.12.1.1.1. Gap: Channels that allow small molecules to flow through protein lined pores between cells