1. Unit 1
1.1. Module 1
1.1.1. Lesson 1
1.1.1.1. Matter
1.1.1.1.1. A physical substance that occupies space and possesses rest mass.
1.1.1.2. Solid state
1.1.1.2.1. It is a state of matter that has a shape and property.
1.1.1.3. Liquid state
1.1.1.3.1. It is a state of matter that can take any shape and has a mass.
1.1.1.4. Gas state
1.1.1.4.1. It is a state of matter that is hard to see and has a mass.
1.1.1.5. Kinetic energy
1.1.1.5.1. It is a energy in motion.
1.1.1.6. Atoms
1.1.1.6.1. It is a particle that defines a chemical element.
1.1.1.7. Thermometer
1.1.1.7.1. It is a tool that shows the temperature.
1.1.1.8. Kelvin scale
1.1.1.8.1. It is a scale of temperature which 0 is 0 in kelvin units.
1.1.1.9. Potential energy
1.1.1.9.1. It is the energy possessed by a body when released, it switches to kinetic energy.
1.1.1.10. Thermal energy
1.1.1.10.1. The energy within the item that has a temperature.
1.1.1.11. Temperature
1.1.1.11.1. It shows how hot or cold it is.
1.1.1.12. Substances
1.1.1.12.1. It is a physical material which is made of a person or thing.
1.1.1.13. Elements
1.1.1.13.1. It is one of a hundred substances in the periodic table.
1.1.1.14. Compound
1.1.1.14.1. it is a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture.
1.1.1.15. Molecule
1.1.1.15.1. It is a group of bonded atoms.
1.1.1.16. Periodic table of elements
1.1.1.16.1. It is a table that lists all the elements.
1.1.1.17. Element symbols
1.1.1.17.1. It is a 1-2 letter symbol of the element
1.1.1.18. Chemical formula
1.1.1.18.1. It is a set of chemical symbols showing the elements present in a compound and their relative proportions, and in some cases the structure of the compound.
1.1.2. Lesson 2
1.1.2.1. Volume Temperature Law
1.1.2.1.1. the volume of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas when pressure is kept constant
1.1.2.2. Jacques Charles
1.1.2.2.1. A French physicist and inventor
1.1.2.3. Thermal Contraction
1.1.2.3.1. Materials expand or contract when subjected to changes in temperature
1.1.2.4. Thermal expansion
1.1.2.4.1. the tendency of matter to change in shape, volume, and area in response to a change in temperature
1.1.2.5. Systems
1.1.2.5.1. a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network
1.1.2.6. Heating
1.1.2.6.1. equipment or devices used to provide heat, especially to a building.
1.1.2.7. Pressure
1.1.2.7.1. continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it.
1.1.2.8. Phase Change
1.1.2.8.1. when matter changes to from one state (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) to another
1.1.2.9. Melting
1.1.2.9.1. change of a solid into a liquid when heat is applied
1.1.2.10. Freezing
1.1.2.10.1. below 32°F (0°C).
1.1.2.11. Vaporization
1.1.2.11.1. conversion of a substance from the liquid or solid phase into the gaseous (vapour) phase
1.1.2.12. Boiling vs. Evaporation
1.1.2.12.1. evaporation is slower, occurs only from the surface of the liquid, does not produce bubbles, and leads to cooling. Boiling is faster, can occur throughout the liquid.
1.1.3. Lesson 3
1.1.3.1. Robert Boyle
1.1.3.1.1. English chemist and physicist
1.1.3.2. Boyles Law - Pressure and Volume
1.1.3.2.1. under constant temperature, the pressure of a specific quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
1.1.3.3. Boyles Law - Number of particles
1.1.3.3.1. Boyle's law holds true only if the number of molecules (n) and the temperature (T) are both constant
1.1.3.4. Boyles Law - Pressure and States of matter
1.1.3.4.1. The pressure (p) of a given quantity of gas varies inversely with its volume (v) at constant temperature
1.1.4. Lesson 4
1.1.4.1. Molecules
1.1.4.1.1. Chemistry, Physics. the smallest physical unit of an element or compound, consisting of one or more like atoms in an element and two or more different atoms in a compound
1.1.4.2. Non-metal gases
1.1.4.2.1. those which lack all the metallic attributes
1.1.4.3. Nonmetal Solids
1.1.4.3.1. brittle, meaning that they will shatter if struck with a hammer
1.1.4.4. Metals
1.1.4.4.1. any of a class of elementary substances
1.1.4.5. Ionic Compounds
1.1.4.5.1. compounds made up of ions that form charged particles
1.1.4.6. Covalent Compounds
1.1.4.6.1. a molecule formed by covalent bonds, in which the atoms share one or more
1.1.4.7. Polar Covalent Compounds
1.1.4.7.1. type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms
1.1.4.8. Nonpolar Covalent Compounds
1.1.4.8.1. a type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between two atoms
1.1.4.9. Dissolving
1.1.4.9.1. to make a solution of, as by mixing with a liquid; pass into solution:
1.1.4.10. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoooStZQHdA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PoQjsnQmxok https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkAXO--BYEw
1.2. Module 2
1.2.1. Lesson one
1.2.1.1. Qualitative Characteristics
1.2.1.1.1. The two fundamental qualitative characteristics of financial reports are relevance and faithful representation.
1.2.1.2. Quantitative Characteristics
1.2.1.2.1. a measurable phenotype that depends on the cumulative actions of many genes and the environment
1.2.1.3. Mass
1.2.1.3.1. the property of a body that is a measure of its inertia and that is commonly taken as a measure of the amount of material it contains and causes it to have weight in a gravitational field
1.2.1.4. Weight
1.2.1.4.1. a body's relative mass or the quantity of matter contained by it, giving rise to a downward force; the heaviness of a person or thing.
1.2.1.5. Volume
1.2.1.5.1. the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is enclosed within a container, especially when great
1.2.1.6. Density
1.2.1.6.1. the degree of compactness of a substance
1.2.1.7. Chemical Properties
1.2.1.7.1. the characteristic ability of a substance to react to form new substances
1.2.1.8. Flammability
1.2.1.8.1. a measure of how quickly a specific material is capable of catching fire and burning
1.2.1.9. Oxidation
1.2.1.9.1. the process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized.
1.2.1.10. Reactivity
1.2.1.10.1. the state or power of being reactive or the degree to which a thing is reactive.
1.2.1.11. Solubility
1.2.1.11.1. degree to which a substance dissolves in a solvent to make a solution
1.2.2. Lesson two
1.2.2.1. Chemical Changes
1.2.2.1.1. results from a chemical reaction
1.2.2.2. Chemical Reactions
1.2.2.2.1. occur when chemical bonds between atoms are formed or broken
1.2.2.3. Chemical Equations
1.2.2.3.1. shows the starting compound(s)—the reactants—on the left and the final compound(s)—the products—on the right, separated by an arrow
1.2.2.3.2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApJvQQLL2iY
1.2.2.4. Products
1.2.2.4.1. a substance obtained from another substance through chemical change
1.2.2.5. Reactants
1.2.2.5.1. a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.
1.2.2.6. Coefficients
1.2.2.6.1. a multiplier or factor that measures some property
1.2.2.7. Antoine Lavoisier
1.2.2.7.1. a meticulous experimenter, revolutionized chemistry
1.2.2.8. Law of conservation of mass
1.2.2.8.1. mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction
1.2.2.9. Atomic Mass
1.2.2.9.1. the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom (the mass number) or to the average number allowing for the relative abundances of different isotopes.
1.2.3. Lesson three
1.2.3.1. Chemical Potential Energy
1.2.3.1.1. the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance
1.2.3.2. Endothermic Reaction
1.2.3.2.1. any chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its environment.
1.2.3.3. Exothermic Reaction
1.2.3.3.1. a reaction in which energy is released in the form of light or heat
1.2.3.4. Concentration in reactions
1.2.3.4.1. Increasing the concentration of the reactants will increase the frequency of collisions between the two reactants
1.2.3.5. Law of conservation of energy
1.2.3.5.1. energy can neither be created nor be destroyed
2. Unit 2
2.1. Module 1
2.1.1. Lesson 1
2.1.1.1. Pangea
2.1.1.1.1. the continent we now know as North America was contiguous with Africa, South America, and Europe
2.1.1.2. Continental Drift
2.1.1.2.1. the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time.
2.1.1.3. Rock formation evidence
2.1.1.3.1. Rapid global formation of sedimentary rock beds
2.1.1.4. Glacial features evidence
2.1.1.4.1. (1) striations, (2) tillites, and (3) dropstones
2.1.1.5. Coal Deposit evidence
2.1.1.5.1. indicates that the continent was once inhabited by many organisms
2.1.1.6. Fossil Evidence
2.1.1.6.1. provides a record of how creatures evolved and how this process can be represented by a 'tree of life', showing that all species are related to each other
2.1.1.7. Alfred Wegener
2.1.1.7.1. originator of continental drift hypothesis
2.1.2. Lesson 2
2.1.2.1. Ocean Floor topography
2.1.2.1.1. Continental shelf, continental slope, oceanic deeps and deep sea plain are major while hills, sea mounts, guyots, trenches and canyons are minor.
2.1.2.2. Mid ocean ridges
2.1.2.2.1. a continuous range of underwater volcanoes that wraps around the globe like seams on a baseball, stretching nearly 65,000 kilometers (40,390 miles)
2.1.2.3. Ocean trenches
2.1.2.3.1. long, narrow depressions on the seafloor
2.1.2.4. Isochron Maps
2.1.2.4.1. commonly used for interpreting changes in thickness between interpreted horizons
2.1.2.5. Seafloor spreading
2.1.2.5.1. a geologic process in which tectonic plates—large slabs of Earth's lithosphere—split apart from each other
2.1.2.6. Magma
2.1.2.6.1. extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth's surface
2.1.2.7. Lava
2.1.2.7.1. When magma flows or erupts onto Earth's surface
2.1.2.8. Plate Tectonics
2.1.2.8.1. a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean movements
2.1.3. lesson 3
2.1.3.1. Convergent Boundary
2.1.3.1.1. When two plates come together
2.1.3.2. Divergent Boundary
2.1.3.2.1. when two tectonic plates move away from each other
2.1.3.3. Transform Boundary
2.1.3.3.1. places where plates slide sideways past each other
2.1.3.4. Subduction
2.1.3.4.1. the action or process in plate tectonics of the edge of one crustal plate descending below the edge of another
2.1.3.5. Fault
2.1.3.5.1. a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements
2.1.3.6. Fault Block Mountains
2.1.3.6.1. formed by the movement of large crustal blocks when forces in the Earth's crust pull it apart
2.1.3.7. Volcano
2.1.3.7.1. a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface
2.1.3.8. Volcanic Arc
2.1.3.8.1. a belt of volcanoes formed above a subducting oceanic tectonic plate, with the belt arranged in an arc shape as seen from above
2.1.3.9. Earthquake
2.1.3.9.1. a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action
2.1.3.10. Fault Zone
2.1.3.10.1. a cluster of parallel faults
2.1.3.11. Landslide
2.1.3.11.1. a mass movement of material, such as rock, earth or debris, down a slope
2.1.3.12. Tsunami
2.1.3.12.1. a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake
2.1.3.13. Impact Crater
2.1.3.13.1. a crater on a planet or moon caused by the impact of a meteorite or other object, typically circular with a raised rim
2.1.4. Lesson 4
2.1.4.1. Physical Weathering
2.1.4.1.1. when physical processes affect the rock, such as changes in temperature or when the rock is exposed to the effects of wind, rain and waves
2.1.4.2. Frost Wedging
2.1.4.2.1. the mechanical disintegration, splitting or break-up of rock by the pressure of water freezing in cracks, crevices, pores, joints or bedding planes
2.1.4.3. Plant Action
2.1.4.3.1. prostrate or semi-erect subshrub of tropical America, and Australia
2.1.4.4. Abrasion
2.1.4.4.1. the process of scraping or wearing something away.
2.1.4.5. Wind Abrasion
2.1.4.5.1. the process of erosion produced by the suspended particles that impact on solid objects
2.1.4.6. Water Abrasion
2.1.4.6.1. particles in the water collide and bump against one another
2.1.4.7. Glacial Abrasion
2.1.4.7.1. the surface wear achieved by individual clasts, or rocks of various sizes, contained within ice or by subglacial sediment as the glacier slides over bedrock
2.1.4.8. Chemical Weathering
2.1.4.8.1. the erosion or disintegration of rocks, building materials, etc., caused by chemical reactions (chiefly with water and substances dissolved in it) rather than by mechanical processes.
2.1.4.9. Oxidation
2.1.4.9.1. the process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized.
2.1.4.10. Hydrolysis
2.1.4.10.1. an organic chemical reaction that involves adding water to break apart molecules
2.1.4.11. Carbonation
2.1.4.11.1. a solution of carbon dioxide gas in water
2.1.4.12. Erosion
2.1.4.12.1. Erosion is the process where rocks are broken down by natural forces such as wind or water
2.1.4.13. Deposition
2.1.4.13.1. the action of deposing someone, especially a monarch
2.1.4.14. Small scale erosion
2.1.4.14.1. erosion by water operates (and is studied) over a wide range of spatial scales
2.1.4.15. Surface runoff
2.1.4.15.1. the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface
2.1.4.16. Coastal Erosion
2.1.4.16.1. the process by which local sea level rise, strong wave action, and coastal flooding wear down or carry away rocks, soils, and/or sands along the coast
2.1.4.17. Large Scale Erosion
2.1.4.17.1. the wearing away of rocks, earth, or sand
2.1.4.18. Mass Wasting
2.1.4.18.1. the movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity
2.1.4.19. Glacial Movement
2.1.4.19.1. the motion of glaciers, which can be likened to rivers of ice. It has played an important role in sculpting many landscapes
2.1.5. lesson 5
2.1.5.1. rock
2.1.5.1.1. any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter
2.1.5.2. mineral
2.1.5.2.1. a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties
2.1.5.3. crystallisation
2.1.5.3.1. the process of formation of solid crystals from solution, melt or by deposition directly from a gas phase.
2.1.5.4. Igneous extrusive rock
2.1.5.4.1. produced when magma exits and cools above (or very near) the Earth's surface
2.1.5.5. Igneous intrusive rock
2.1.5.5.1. wholly crystalline and characterized by large crystal sizes visible to the naked eye.
2.1.5.6. Sedimentary rock
2.1.5.6.1. formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms
2.1.5.7. Lithification
2.1.5.7.1. the process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid rock
2.1.5.8. Compaction
2.1.5.8.1. the exertion of force on something so that it becomes more dense.
2.1.5.9. Cementation
2.1.5.9.1. the binding together of particles or other things by cement.
2.1.5.10. Metamorphic rock
2.1.5.10.1. started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form
2.2. module 2
2.2.1. lesson 1
2.2.1.1. Earthquakes and plate boundaries
2.2.1.1.1. Earthquakes occur along fault lines, cracks in Earth's crust where tectonic plates meet
2.2.1.2. Richter Magnitude scale
2.2.1.2.1. a measure of the strength of earthquakes
2.2.1.3. Earthquake magnitude scale
2.2.1.3.1. Magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimal fractions
2.2.1.4. Moment magnitude scale
2.2.1.4.1. Moment is a product of the distance a fault moved and the force required to move it
2.2.1.5. Modified Mercalli intensity scale
2.2.1.5.1. estimates the shaking intensity from an earthquake at a specific location by considering its effects on people, objects, and buildings
2.2.1.6. Pancaking
2.2.1.6.1. a structural collapse where the collapse occurs from the top down as upper floors settle into lower floors of a building
2.2.1.7. Liquefaction
2.2.1.7.1. takes place when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking
2.2.1.8. Landslide
2.2.1.8.1. the sliding down of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff.
2.2.1.9. Tsunami
2.2.1.9.1. A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake
2.2.2. lesson 2
2.2.2.1. Volcano Belts
2.2.2.1.1. volcanic belt is a large volcanically active region
2.2.2.2. Hot Spots
2.2.2.2.1. an area of the Earth's mantle from which hot plumes rise upward, forming volcanoes on the overlying crust
2.2.2.3. Mudflows
2.2.2.3.1. a form of mass wasting involving fast-moving flow of debris and dirt that has become liquified by the addition of water
2.2.2.4. Lava flows
2.2.2.4.1. Lava flows with rough, jagged, or clinkery surfaces
2.2.2.5. Volcanic Ash
2.2.2.5.1. a mixture of rock, mineral, and glass particles expelled from a volcano during a volcanic eruption
2.2.2.6. Volcanic Gases
2.2.2.6.1. the fluid gas phase released by active volcanoes, both during eruption and quiescence
2.2.2.7. Pyroclastic Flows
2.2.2.7.1. a hot (typically >800 °C, or >1,500 °F ), chaotic mixture of rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels rapidly (tens of meters per second) away from a volcanic vent or collapsing flow front
2.2.2.8. Predicting volcanoes - Gas
2.2.2.8.1. sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and even water vapor (H2O) can be measured at the site or, in some cases, from a distance using satellites
2.2.2.9. Predicting volcanoes - Deformation
2.2.2.9.1. measure the tilt of the slope and track changes in the rate of swelling
2.2.2.10. Predicting volcanoes - Ground Vibration
2.2.2.10.1. As magma accumulates in an underground reservoir before an eruption, the ground surface typically swells
2.2.2.11. Predicting volcanoes - Remote Sensing
2.2.2.11.1. satellite data in volcanology are forecasting, detecting, and tracking eruptive activity
2.2.2.12. Predicting volcanoes - Lava Collection
2.2.2.12.1. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) scientists use two methods to forecast the path of a lava flow
2.2.3. Lesson 3
2.2.3.1. Hurricane
2.2.3.1.1. A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls
2.2.3.2. Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale
2.2.3.2.1. a 1 to 5 rating based on a hurricane's sustained wind speed
2.2.3.3. Tornado
2.2.3.3.1. A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud
2.2.3.4. Enhanced Fujita Damage Intensity scale
2.2.3.4.1. incorporates 28 damage indicators (DIs) such as building type, structures, and trees
2.2.3.5. Flood
2.2.3.5.1. A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering and public health
2.2.3.6. Drought
2.2.3.6.1. A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions. A drought can last for days, months or years. Drought often has large impacts on the ecosystems and agriculture of affected regions, and causes harm to the local economy.
2.2.3.7. Drought hazard - soil erosion
2.2.3.7.1. The action of runoff and wind exacerbates the rate of soil erosion in drought prone areas
2.2.3.8. Drought hazard - wildfires
2.2.3.8.1. fuels for wildfire, such as grasses and trees, can dry out and become more flammable
2.2.3.9. Drought hazard - decrease in water supply
2.2.3.9.1. loss of water supply
2.2.3.10. Drought hazard - agricultural impact
2.2.3.10.1. declines in crops and livestock productivity
2.2.3.11. Meteorologists
2.2.3.11.1. a physical scientist who observes, studies, or forecasts the weather.
3. Unit 3
3.1. module 1
3.1.1. lesson 1
3.1.1.1. Natural resource
3.1.1.1.1. Any natural substance that humans use
3.1.1.2. Ores
3.1.1.2.1. a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted
3.1.1.3. Renewable Resources
3.1.1.3.1. a substance of economic value that is replenished naturally over time thereby supporting sustainability despite consumption
3.1.1.4. Nonrenewable resources
3.1.1.4.1. a natural resource that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a pace quick enough to keep up with consumption
3.1.2. lesson 2
3.1.2.1. Hydrothermal deposits
3.1.2.1.1. the accumulation of minerals in fractures and cavities resulting from the circulation of hot waters in the Earth's crust
3.1.2.2. Subduction Zones
3.1.2.2.1. form where a plate with thinner (less-buoyant) oceanic crust descends beneath a plate with thicker (more-buoyant) continental crust
3.1.2.3. Distribution of minerals
3.1.2.3.1. found almost in all types of rocks like igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks
3.1.2.4. Soil
3.1.2.4.1. the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles
3.1.2.5. 5 Factors of soil formation
3.1.2.5.1. Parent material, climate, biota (organisms), topography and time
3.1.2.6. Formation of Coal
3.1.2.6.1. from the gradual breakdown of rocks through weathering
3.1.2.7. Formation of Oil and Natural Gas
3.1.2.7.1. formed underground, over several to tens of millions of years, from prehistoric organisms decomposed by high subterranean heat and microorganisms
3.1.2.8. Porosity
3.1.2.8.1. a measure of the void spaces in a material
3.1.2.9. Permeability
3.1.2.9.1. the state or quality of a material or membrane that causes it to allow liquids or gases to pass through it
3.1.2.10. Groundwater
3.1.2.10.1. one of the largest freshwater sources anywhere in the world
3.1.2.11. Groundwater distribution
3.1.2.11.1. groundwater refers to all water which is below the surface of the ground in the saturated zone and which is in direct contact with the ground
3.1.3. lesson 3
3.1.3.1. Mining
3.1.3.1.1. is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or feasibly created artificially in a laboratory or factory
3.1.3.2. Dwindling Deposits
3.1.3.2.1. the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished
3.1.3.3. Mineral Supplies
3.1.3.3.1. Plants absorb mineral ions from the soil through their roots
3.1.3.4. Fossil fuel extraction
3.1.3.4.1. mining and drilling
3.1.3.5. Groundwater overdraft
3.1.3.5.1. occurs when groundwater use exceeds the amount of recharge into an aquifer, which leads to a decline in groundwater level
3.2. module 2
3.2.1. lesson 1
3.2.1.1. Material
3.2.1.1.1. the matter from which a thing is or can be made.
3.2.1.2. Natural Material
3.2.1.2.1. those that are found in nature and have not been made by humans
3.2.1.3. Synthetic Material
3.2.1.3.1. made by chemically changing the starting substances to create a material with different characteristics.
3.2.1.4. Reactants to Products
3.2.1.4.1. A reactant is a substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction. The substance(s) to the right of the arrow are called products. A product is a substance that is present at the end of a chemical reaction.
3.2.2. lesson 2
3.2.2.1. Natural Resource Availability
3.2.2.1.1. depends on how much of it there is, how much it costs to get, and where it is located
3.2.2.2. Synthetic Material Production
3.2.2.2.1. Synthetic fibres are manufactured using plant materials and minerals
3.2.2.3. Individual and Societal impacts
3.2.2.3.1. how organizations, businesses or individuals' actions affect the surrounding community
3.2.2.4. By-products
3.2.2.4.1. a secondary product derived from a production process, manufacturing process or chemical reaction
4. Unit 4
4.1. Module 1
4.1.1. Lesson 1
4.1.1.1. Photosynthesis
4.1.1.1.1. the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by product
4.1.1.2. Epidermal leaf cells
4.1.1.2.1. protect plants from the external environment
4.1.1.3. Cuticle
4.1.1.3.1. the outermost layer of plants, which covers leaves, fruits, flowers, and non-woody stems of higher plants
4.1.1.4. Stomata
4.1.1.4.1. any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces
4.1.1.5. Mesophyll Cells
4.1.1.5.1. internal ground tissue located between the two epidermal cell layers of the leaf
4.1.1.6. Chloroplasts
4.1.1.6.1. plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process
4.1.1.7. Chlorophyll A and B
4.1.1.7.1. Chlorophyll A- It is the most abundant type of chlorophyll, which absorbs light rays of wavelengths of 429 nm and 659 nm most effectively. Chlorophyll B- It is a type of accessory pigment responsible for passing on light energy to chlorophyll a. It is found in plants and green algae
4.1.1.8. Light Cycle
4.1.1.8.1. The major biochemical correlate of the light-dark cycle is provided by the pineal melatonin rhythm
4.1.1.9. Night Cycle
4.1.1.9.1. As Earth continues its spin, we are moved to the side facing away from our Sun, and we have nighttime.
4.1.1.10. Different sugars
4.1.1.10.1. Galactose. This is the third common monosaccharide. ... Sucrose. Sucrose is made of one part glucose and one part fructose joined together. ... Lactose. Lactose is the sugar naturally found in milk and dairy products. ... Maltose. Maltose is made of two glucose molecules bound together.
4.1.1.11. Cellular Respiration
4.1.1.11.1. a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
4.1.1.12. Glycolysis
4.1.1.12.1. splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
4.1.1.13. Mitochondria
4.1.1.13.1. an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae
4.1.1.14. Lactic Acid Fermentation
4.1.1.14.1. Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution
4.1.1.15. Ethanol Alcohol Fermentation
4.1.1.15.1. converts one mole of glucose into two moles of ethanol and two moles of carbon dioxide
4.1.2. Lesson 2
4.1.2.1. Producers
4.1.2.1.1. an organism that creates its own food or energy
4.1.2.2. Consumers
4.1.2.2.1. an organism that cannot produce its own food and must eat other plants and/or animals to get energy
4.1.2.3. Primary consumers
4.1.2.3.1. The organisms that eat the producers
4.1.2.4. Secondary Consumer
4.1.2.4.1. organisms, primarily animals, which eat primary consumers
4.1.2.5. Tertiary Consumer
4.1.2.5.1. animals that consume other animals to obtain nutrition from them
4.1.2.6. Detritivores
4.1.2.6.1. an animal which feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus.
4.1.2.7. Food Chain
4.1.2.7.1. a hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food
4.1.2.8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aesKZR7J2nI
4.1.2.9. Food Web
4.1.2.9.1. consists of all the food chains in a single ecosystem
4.1.2.10. Energy Pyramid / 10 % rule
4.1.2.10.1. each trophic level can only give 10% of its energy to the next level
4.1.2.11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScizkxMlEOM
4.1.3. Lesson 3
4.1.3.1. Carbon Cycle
4.1.3.1.1. Cellular Respiration
4.1.3.1.2. Photosynthesis
4.1.3.1.3. Sedimentation
4.1.3.1.4. Decomposition
4.1.3.1.5. Combustion
4.1.3.2. Water Cycle
4.1.3.2.1. Precipitation
4.1.3.2.2. Evaporation / Transpiration
4.1.3.2.3. Condensation
4.1.3.2.4. Run Off
4.1.3.2.5. Seepage
4.1.3.3. Oxygen Cycle
4.1.3.3.1. Cellular Respiration
4.1.3.3.2. Photosynthesis
4.1.3.4. Nitrogen Cycle
4.1.3.4.1. Precipitation
4.1.3.4.2. Nitrogen Fixation
4.1.3.4.3. Nitrification
4.1.3.4.4. Assimilation
4.1.3.4.5. Denitrification
4.1.3.4.6. ammonification
4.2. Module 2
4.2.1. Lesson 1
4.2.1.1. Biosphere
4.2.1.1.1. The biosphere, also known as the ecosphere, is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems
4.2.1.2. Biome
4.2.1.2.1. a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundra.
4.2.1.3. Ecosystems
4.2.1.3.1. a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in a particular area
4.2.1.4. Communities
4.2.1.4.1. a social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage
4.2.1.5. Populations
4.2.1.5.1. A group of single people
4.2.1.6. Organism
4.2.1.6.1. an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
4.2.1.7. Abiotic
4.2.1.7.1. In biology and ecology, abiotic components or abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems
4.2.1.8. Biotic
4.2.1.8.1. relating to or resulting from living things, especially in their ecological relations.
4.2.1.9. Limiting Factor
4.2.1.9.1. A limiting factor is a variable of a system that causes a noticeable change in output or another measure of a type of system.
4.2.1.10. Biotic Potential
4.2.1.10.1. Biotic potential is described by the unrestricted growth of populations resulting in the maximum growth of that population.
4.2.1.11. Carrying Capacity
4.2.1.11.1. the number or quantity of people or things that can be conveyed or held by a vehicle or container.
4.2.1.12. Overpopulation
4.2.1.12.1. a situation in which the Earth cannot regenerate the resources used by the world's population each year
4.2.1.13. Extinction
4.2.1.13.1. It is when a species is fully gone
4.2.1.14. Endangered Species
4.2.1.14.1. An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction.
4.2.1.15. Threatened species
4.2.1.15.1. a species is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future
4.2.2. Lesson 2
4.2.2.1. Symbiosis
4.2.2.1.1. interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.
4.2.2.2. Commensalism
4.2.2.2.1. an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.
4.2.2.3. Parasitism
4.2.2.3.1. a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
4.2.2.4. Mutualism
4.2.2.4.1. Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit.
4.2.2.5. Cooperative Relationships
4.2.2.5.1. arise from a history of mutually beneficial interactions between individuals
4.2.2.6. competitive Relationship
4.2.2.6.1. It is when species fight for food
4.2.2.7. Predator-prey relationship
4.2.2.7.1. It is when species eat other species
4.2.3. Lesson 3
4.2.3.1. Ecological succession
4.2.3.1.1. Ecological succession is the process of change in the species that make up an ecological community over time.
4.2.3.2. Climax Community
4.2.3.2.1. An ecological community in which populations of plants or animals remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment
4.2.3.3. Primary succession
4.2.3.3.1. Primary succession is the beginning step of ecological succession after an extreme disturbance, which usually occurs in an environment devoid of vegetation and other organisms
4.2.3.4. Secondary succession
4.2.3.4.1. Secondary succession is the secondary ecological succession of a plant's life
4.2.3.5. Eutrophication
4.2.3.5.1. excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.
4.2.3.6. Dynamic Equilibrium
4.2.3.6.1. a state of balance between continuing processes.
4.2.3.7. Resource Extraction
4.2.3.7.1. the withdrawing of materials from the environment for human use
4.2.3.8. Pollution
4.2.3.8.1. the introduction of harmful materials into the environment
4.2.3.9. Nonnative species
4.2.3.9.1. An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native area