1. Relationships between migration and development
1.1. Why is migration important for development
1.1.1. Labour markets
1.1.1.1. Migrants account for 47% increase in workforce in the US, and 70% in Europe
1.1.1.2. Migrants fill important niches in a potentially declining economy
1.1.1.3. Young migrants are better educated than new ones
1.1.2. Public Purse
1.1.2.1. Migrants contribute more in taxes than they receive in benefits
1.1.2.2. Labour migrants have the most positive impact on the public purse
1.1.2.2.1. Employment is the biggest discriminant of a migrants fiscal contribution
1.1.3. Economic Growth
1.1.3.1. Boosts working age of the population
1.1.3.2. They arrive with skills to contribute to Human capital development of receiving country
1.1.3.3. Contribute to technological progress
1.2. Human development Index
1.2.1. Index incorporating social and economic indices for life expectancy, education and GDP
1.2.2. Link between HDI and Remittances
1.2.2.1. For LIDC's remittances represent a higher propoprtion of GDP and are more significant to the economy
1.2.2.2. Not all poor countries receive large migrant remmittances
2. Global Migration and Stability, growth and development
2.1. Migration and Money
2.1.1. Remmittances sent easily through modern technology
2.2. Migration and Ideas
2.2.1. Geographical diffusion of ideas
2.2.1.1. Transmission of ideas back from countries of origin (also known as social remittances)
2.3. Migration and Technology
2.3.1. Used by organisation to asses crises so that response is where it is needed greatest
2.4. Flows of Money, Ideas and Technology can result in positive effects
2.4.1. Stability
2.4.1.1. Returning migrants have acquired new ideas and values including democracy and equality
2.4.1.1.1. Can result in peacebuilding and resolutions to conflict
2.4.1.2. Where there is an aging population, migrants can contribute to a more balanced age structure
2.4.2. Economic Growth
2.4.2.1. Migrants are consumers and can stimulate the local economy
2.4.2.1.1. Open up local markets in demands for food, ethnic music etc
2.4.2.2. Migrants fill shortages in labour market boosting economic growth
2.4.2.3. GDP and tax base of host nation can be boosted by working migrants
2.4.3. Development
2.4.3.1. Migrants create networks ehich ease flows of skills, values and ideas through social, economic and religious networks
2.5. Flows of Money, Ideas and Technology can result in negative effects
2.5.1. Inequalities
2.5.1.1. Countries of origin lose young and fit element of their labour market
2.5.1.1.1. Contribute to decline in economy nationally and regionally
2.5.1.2. Migrant remittances can increase inequlaity between families who do and dont receive them
2.5.2. Injustices
2.5.2.1. Migrants are vulnerable to violation of human rights as a result of forced labour, exploitation and human trafficking
2.5.2.2. Often better educated people migrate resulting in brain drain
2.5.2.3. Treatment of Asylum Seekers can include being held in detention centres and not being allowed to work
2.5.2.3.1. For the duration of their stay thay might lack snaitation, clothing and food
2.5.3. Conflicts
2.5.3.1. Social conflict between host communities and migrants
2.5.3.1.1. People of culture may find it difficult to integrate because of language barriers
2.5.3.2. International borders can be areas of conflict for border control authorities and illegal migrants
3. Spatial patterns in Migration
3.1. 21st Century top 3 global migration routes
3.1.1. Asia to Asia
3.1.2. Europe to Europe
3.1.3. Latin America to North America
3.2. 21st Century top 3 migrant hosting countries
3.2.1. US
3.2.2. Germany
3.2.3. Russia
3.3. 21st Century tope 3 migrant sending countries
3.3.1. India
3.3.2. Mexico
3.3.3. Russia
3.4. There has been a significant growth in numbers of people migrating across international borders in the 21st century
3.4.1. Reasons often linked to rapid globalisation
3.4.2. Other reasons for this migration
3.4.2.1. Employment
3.4.2.1.1. 2018 data states that out of 265 million migrants, 150 million have moved for economic reasons
3.4.2.2. Seeking a Better life
3.4.2.2.1. US is the biggests destination country for migrants, it ranks 18th in World Happiness rating
3.4.2.3. Escaping hardship or conflict
3.4.2.3.1. By end of 2016 there were 22.5 million refugees worldwide
3.4.2.3.2. Most are fleeing due to violence
3.4.2.4. Environmental Displacement
3.4.2.4.1. Each year since 2008, 25 million people have been displaced due to natural disasters
3.4.2.5. Education
3.4.2.5.1. In 2018 there were 4.8 million internationally mobile students
3.5. Migration Stats
3.5.1. Numbers of International Migrants
3.5.1.1. 3.8 million people living in UK in 2017 were migrants from EU countries
3.5.1.2. 2017 UK saw arrival of 240k EU migrants and 227k non-eu
3.5.1.3. Globall 1 in 30 people live outside their original country in 2020
3.5.2. Composition
3.5.2.1. Main Migrants in UK are economic and those moving to join family
3.5.2.2. Approximatley 2/4 of all international migrants are working age
3.5.2.2.1. Median age was 39 in 2017
3.5.3. Direction
3.5.3.1. Biggest source of migrants to UK are India, Poland and Pakistan
3.5.3.2. Largest regional migrant flow in the world is South Asia to West Asia
3.5.3.2.1. 5 Million people from 2005 to 2010
4. Intra-Regional Migration
4.1. Migration within the EU
4.1.1. Western Europe tend to receive more migrants, because they tend to be industrially advanced or developing
4.1.2. Schengen Agreement
4.1.2.1. Small town in luxemborg
4.1.2.2. The agreement included free movement through most of the EU
4.1.2.3. Of 22 EU members 27 chose to participate
4.1.2.3.1. This abolished border controls across these countries
4.1.3. EU Enlargement
4.1.3.1. 2004 A8 Countries
4.1.3.1.1. Estonia, latvisa, lithuania, Poland, Slovenia, Czech republic, Slovakia and Hungary
4.1.3.2. Increased the 'pool' of potential migrants
4.1.4. Worker Registration Scheme
4.1.4.1. Set up in April 2004 allowing workers from A8 countries to take up a job in the UK
4.1.4.1.1. Significantly increased migration initially
4.1.4.2. Scheme was to be reviewed after 2 years to see if it needed tightening/relaxing
4.1.5. Brexit
4.1.5.1. A8 migration to UK was estimated at minus 2000 in 2018
4.1.5.2. EU migration data shows a decline by more than half of the UK's peak migration (189,000 in 2016)
5. Inter-Regional Migration
5.1. Africa/Middle East to Europe
5.1.1. Conflict in Syria resulting in homelessness
5.1.1.1. Political conflicts and beliefs, and a sense of unsafety
5.1.2. Challenges and opportunities of international migration
5.1.2.1. Opportunities
5.1.2.1.1. More working age citizens for destination country
5.1.2.1.2. More equal opportunities for the migrants
5.1.2.1.3. Better education for the migratns
5.1.2.1.4. Better healthcare for migrants
5.1.2.2. Challenges
5.1.2.2.1. Housing crises in host country
5.1.2.2.2. Migrants may carry infectious diseases
5.1.2.2.3. Violent crime rise in host country
5.1.2.2.4. Migrants may experience xenophobia
5.1.2.2.5. Migrants may be seen as attributal resources instead of people