1. How it is done?
1.1. Outdoor stadium
1.1.1. a 400-meter oval track used for races.
1.1.2. Inside the track are areas for doing the different types of jumps and throws.
1.2. Indoor tracks (colder places)
1.2.1. 200-meter indoor tracks so athletes can train.
1.3. Urban spaces or natural settings
1.3.1. Marathon
1.3.2. Cross- country competitions.
2. Abbreviations and symbol
2.1. DNS
2.1.1. Did not start
2.2. DNF
2.2.1. Did not finish
2.3. NM
2.3.1. No valid trial recorded
2.4. DQ
2.4.1. Disqualified
2.5. "O"
2.5.1. Valid trial in Hight Jump and Pole Vault
2.6. "X"
2.6.1. Failed trial
2.7. "-"
2.7.1. Passed trial
2.8. r
2.8.1. Retired from competition
2.9. Q
2.9.1. Qualified by place in Tracks Events
2.10. q
2.10.1. Qualified by time in Track Events
2.11. Q
2.11.1. Qualified by standard in Field Events
2.12. q
2.12.1. Qualified by perfonmance in Field Events
2.13. qR
2.13.1. Advanced to next round by Referee
2.14. qJ
2.14.1. Advanced to next round by Jury of Appeal
2.15. ">"
2.15.1. Bent knee
2.16. "~"
2.16.1. Loss of contact
2.17. YC
2.17.1. Yellow Card
2.18. YRC
2.18.1. Second Yellow Card
2.19. RC
2.19.1. Red Card
2.20. L
2.20.1. Lane infringement
3. Combined events
3.1. Decathlon (men's)
3.1.1. First day
3.1.1.1. 100 m flat
3.1.1.2. Long jump
3.1.1.3. Shot put
3.1.1.4. High jump
3.1.1.5. 400 m
3.1.2. Second day
3.1.2.1. 110 m hurdles
3.1.2.2. Discus throw
3.1.2.3. Pole vault
3.1.2.4. 1500 m
3.2. Heptathlon (women's)
3.2.1. First day
3.2.1.1. 100 m hurdles
3.2.1.2. High jump
3.2.1.3. Shot put
3.2.1.4. 200 m flat
3.2.2. Second day
3.2.2.1. Long jump
3.2.2.2. Javelin throw
3.2.2.3. 800 m flat
4. Competitions
4.1. Jumps
4.1.1. All jumps have three phases: The approach, the goal of which is to get to the jumping zone as fast as possible (except in the high jump); the take-off which is launching yourself into the air; flight, to achieve the best distance; and finally, the landing.
4.1.1.1. Vertical Jump: High Jump and Pole Vault.
4.1.1.2. Horizontal Jump: Long Jump and Triple jump.
4.2. High Jump
4.2.1. The goal is to jump over a horizontal bar without making it fall. The bar is suspended between two vertical supports four meters apart. An athlete shall take off from one foot. Participants can make three attempts to increase their jump height.
4.2.2. Three consecutive failures, regardless of the height at which any of such failures occur, disqualify from further jumping. They can jump facing forward, but nowadays all athletes jump with their back to the landing mat using a very specific technique called Fosbury Flop.
4.2.3. An athlete fails if
4.2.3.1. After the jump, the bar does not remain on the supports because of the action of the athlete whilst jumping.
4.2.3.2. They touch the ground including the landing area beyond the vertical plane through the nearer edge of the crossbar, either between or outside the uprights with any part of their body, without first clearing the bar.
4.2.3.3. If the time is exceeded the trial shall be recorded as a failure.
4.3. Paul vault
4.3.1. Athletes may, during the competition, place a substance on their hands or on the pole, in order to obtain a better grip. The use of gloves is permitted. If, in making a trial, an athlete’s pole is broken, it shall not be counted as a failure and he shall be awarded a new trial.
4.3.2. An athlete fails if
4.3.2.1. After the vault, the bar does not remain on both pegs because of the action of an athlete whilst vaulting.
4.3.2.2. During the vault, he steadies or replaces the bar with his hand(s).
4.4. Long jump
4.4.1. The athlete runs on a track and jumps from a platform to try to cover the maximum distance possible. During the jump, athletes push their feet out in front of them to achieve more distance. Competitors can jump a total of three times to try and get the best distance. The eight best distances go on to the next round, which consists of three more jumps.
4.4.2. It is important to remember that the jump is not counted if the jumper steps over the foul line, which marks the boundary of the approach area. The jump is measured using the mark the athletes leave in the sand upon landing.
4.4.3. An athlete fails if
4.4.3.1. They while taking off (prior to the instant at which they cease contact with the take-off board or ground), break the vertical plane of the take-off line with any part of their take-off foot / shoe, whether running up without jumping or in the act of jumping.
4.4.3.1.1. The use of video or other technology, to assist the Judges in deciding the application of Rule 30 is strongly recommended at all levels of competition. However, if no technology is available, a plasteline indicator board may still be used.
4.4.3.2. When leaving the landing area, an athlete’s first contact by foot with its border or the ground outside shall be further from the take-off line than the nearest break in the sand (which may be any mark made on overbalancing completely inside the landing area or when walking back closer to the take-off line than the initial break on landing)
4.4.3.3. They employ any form of somersaulting whilst running up or in the act of jumping.
4.5. Triple jump
4.5.1. The Triple Jump shall consist of a hop, a step and a jump in that order.
4.5.2. The hop shall be made so that an athlete lands first on the same foot as that from which he has taken off; in the step he shall land on the other foot, from which, subsequently, the jump is performed it shall not be considered a failure if an athlete, while jumping, touches the ground with the “sleeping” leg.
4.6. Throwing
4.6.1. Shot put
4.6.1.1. This consists of propelling a metal ball called a “shot” (weighing 7.26 kilograms for men and 4kg for women) as far as possible. The throw, call the put” must be made from inside a circle with a diameter of 2.13 meters.
4.6.1.2. The shot shall be put from the shoulder with one hand only the shot shall touch or be in close proximity to the neck or the chin and the hand shall not be dropped below this position during the action of putting. The shot shall not be taken behind the line of the shoulders.
4.6.1.3. After putting the shot, the athlete must keep his or her balance to remain inside the circle, otherwise the throw will be declared invalid.
4.6.1.4. The athlete who has to leave the circle from the side opposite the throwing direction.
4.6.1.5. The eight highest scoring competitors go on to the next round ARE allowed three throws. In the event of draw, the second-best score is used.
4.6.2. Discus throw
4.6.2.1. All discus throws shall be made from an enclosure or cage to ensure the safety of spectators, officials and athletes. The cage should be U-shaped.
4.6.2.2. Two Judges checking whether the throw has been made correctly and measuring the trial. One must be provided with two flags - white to indicate if the trial is valid and red if it is a failure.
4.6.3. Hammer throw
4.6.3.1. The hammer shall consist of three main parts: a metal head, a wire and a handle. The head shall be of solid iron, brass or other metal.
4.6.4. Javelin throw
4.6.4.1. Men's Javelin: Length:2,6-2,7 m Weight: 800 gr.
4.6.4.2. Women's Javelin: Length: 2,2-2,3m Weight: 600 gr
4.6.4.3. The javelin shall be held at the grip with one hand only. It shall be thrown over the shoulder or upper part of the throwing arm and shall not be slung or hurled
4.6.4.4. The javelin shall be held at the grip with one hand only. It shall be thrown over the shoulder or upper part of the throwing arm and shall not be slung or hurled
4.6.4.4.1. Non-orthodox styles are not permitted.
4.6.4.4.2. A throw shall be valid only if the metal head strikes the ground before any other part of the javelin.
4.6.4.4.3. It shall be a failure if an athlete during a trial
4.6.4.4.4. The athlete touches with any part of his body the lines which mark the runway or the ground outside
5. Clothing, shoes and athlete bibs
5.1. Clothing
5.1.1. The athlete touches with any part of his body the lines which mark the runway or the ground outside
5.1.2. The athlete touches with any part of his body the lines which mark the runway or the ground outside
5.1.3. Athletes must not wear clothing which could impede the view of the Judges.
5.2. Shoes
5.2.1. Athletes may compete either barefoot or in Athletic Shoes.
5.2.2. Athletes must comply with all Regulations relating to the wearing of Athletic Shoes approved by the Council.
5.3. Athlete bibs
5.3.1. Every athlete shall be provided with two bibs which, during the competition, shall be worn visibly on the front of the torso and back, except in the Jumping Events, where one bib may be worn on the front of the torso or back only.
5.3.2. No athlete shall be allowed to take part in any competition without displaying the appropriate bib(s) and/or identification.
5.3.3. These bibs must be worn as issued and may not be cut, folded or obscured in any way.
6. A brief history of athletics
6.1. 776 B.C. (first organized athletic meeting)
6.1.1. In greece, it came up every four years
6.1.2. In Greece
6.2. 394 A.D. (it was banned by Emperor Theodosus)
6.2.1. He regarded it as a pagan festival.
6.3. 11th century (Middle Age)
6.3.1. Racing and throwing competitions reappeared in England.
6.4. 19th century (universities of Oxford and Cambridge)
6.4.1. Held a national athletics competition that sparked great interest in Europe and America.
6.5. 1896
6.5.1. Monsieur Baron Pierre de Coubertin (French)
6.5.1.1. He was known as the father of Modern Olympic Games.
6.6. 1983
6.6.1. The first IAAF World Championship in Athletics
6.7. 1991
6.7.1. The first IAAF World Championship in Athletics has been held every two years
7. Speed races
7.1. Flat races (100, 200 and 400 m)
7.1.1. The sprint races are races that are run within lanes (A lane is 1.22m width) with full speed from the starting line (blast of the whistle) to the finishing line.
7.1.2. A runner must maintain his lane throughout the race.
7.1.3. For the start, athletes crouch down and place their feet on starting blocks. The crouch start takes 3 commands: on your mark, set, go.
7.1.4. The order of arrival is based on the order in which runners ́torsos cross the finish line.
7.1.5. Once The Starter is satisfied that all athletes are steady in the “Set” position, the gun shall be fired.
7.1.6. Instances when disqualifying an athlete
7.1.6.1. A runner is disqualified after one false start.
7.1.6.2. If he runs in another person's lane.
7.1.6.3. If he obstructs another athlete.
7.1.6.4. If he runs inside the inner kerb.
7.2. Hurdles races (Women 100, 400 m; Men 110, 400 m)
7.2.1. There shall be ten flights of hurdles in each lane.
7.2.2. The hurdles shall be made of metal or some other suitable material with the top bar of wood or other non-metallic suitable material.
7.2.3. Runners do not jump over hurdles; they “pass” them, while modifying their running technique as little as possible.
7.2.4. All races shall be run in lanes and each athlete shall keep to, and go over the hurdles in his own lane throughout.
7.2.5. Instances when disqualifying an athlete
7.2.5.1. If he directly or indirectly knocks down or significantly displaces a hurdle in another lane.
7.2.5.2. His foot or leg is, at the instant of clearance, beside the hurdle (on either side), below the horizontal plane of the top of any hurdle.
7.2.5.3. They knock down or displace any hurdle by hand, body, or the front side of the lead lower limb.
7.2.5.4. They directly or indirectly knock down or displace a hurdle in their or in another lane in such a manner that there is effect or obstruction upon any other athlete(s) in the race.
7.3. Relay races (4x100, 4x400and 4x400 mixed)
7.3.1. Runners are divided into teams of four.
7.3.2. Members of the team run one after the other, passing a baton to the next runner until they have run a certain distance.
7.3.3. The relay baton shall be a smooth hollow tube, circular in section, made of wood, metal or any other rigid material in one piece.
7.3.4. When the baton is passed to the next runner, the recipient must be moving and has to take the moving baton inside a 30-metre hand-off space.
7.3.5. If dropped, the baton shall be recovered by the athlete who dropped it.
7.3.6. He may leave his lane to retrieve it provided that, by doing so, he does not lessen the distance to be cover.
7.3.7. For all takeovers, athletes are not permitted to begin running outside their takeover zones, and shall start within the zone.
7.3.7.1. If an athlete does not follow this Rule, his team shall be disqualified.
7.3.8. 4x100 meter relay
7.3.8.1. 4 people (must be the same gender) all pair up to complete the given distance as a team.
7.3.8.2. the first runner, holding a baton, will start at the starting line and sprint to the first exchange zone.
7.3.8.3. After passing the baton to the 2nd person, the second person will then run to the 2nd exchange zone, and so on.
7.3.8.4. This continues until the last runner passes the finish line with the baton.
7.3.9. 4x400 meter relay
7.3.9.1. This continues until the last runner passes the finish line with the baton.
7.3.9.2. Therefore, instead of multiple exchange zones, there is only one that is located at the start/finish line.
7.3.9.3. This is the last event out of the 10 in the track aspect of the sport.
8. Middle and long distance races
8.1. Flat races (800, 1500, 5000, 10000m and Marathon)
8.1.1. 800 m
8.1.1.1. The 800m event shall be run in lanes as far as the nearer edge of the break line where athletes may leave their respective lanes.
8.1.1.2. The break line shall be an arced line marked after the first bend, across all lanes.
8.1.1.3. To assist athletes, identify the break line, small cones, prisms, or other suitable markers, preferably of different colour from the break line and the lane lines, shall be placed on the lane lines immediately before the break line.
8.1.2. Marathon (42,195 km)
8.1.2.1. The first marathon happened when the soldier Phelippides ran from near Marathon, Greece, to Athens in 490 B.C.
8.1.2.1.1. B.C. He ran approximately 40 km to announce the defeat of the Persians to the citizens of Athens.
8.2. Steeplechase Races (3000 mts)
8.2.1. There shall be 28 hurdle jumps and 7 water jumps.
8.2.2. Each athlete shall go over or through the water and shall go over each hurdle.
8.2.3. Instances when disqualifying an athlete
8.2.3.1. Failure to do so will result in a disqualification.
8.2.3.2. He steps to the one side or other of the water jump, or his foot or leg is, at the instant of clearance, beside the hurdle (on either side), below the horizontal plane of the top of any hurdle.
8.3. Race walking (mixed relays)
8.3.1. Definition
8.3.1.1. Is a progression of steps so taken that the walker makes contact with the ground, so that no visible (to the human eye) loss of contact occurs.
8.3.1.2. The advancing leg must be straightened (not bent at the knee) from the moment of first contact with the ground until the vertical upright position.
8.3.2. Disqualification
8.3.2.1. Yellow paddle
8.3.2.1.1. When a judge is not completely satisfied that an athlete is fully complying, he should, where possible, show the athlete a yellow paddle with the symbol of the offence on each side.
8.3.2.1.2. An athlete cannot be shown a second yellow paddle by the same Judge for the same offence.
8.3.2.1.3. Having shown a yellow paddle to an athlete, the Judge shall inform the Chief Judge of his action after the competition.
8.3.2.2. Red cards
8.3.2.2.1. When a Judge observes an athlete failing by exhibiting visible loss of contact or a bent knee during any part of the competition, the Judge shall send a Red Card to the Chief Judge.
8.3.2.3. Disqualification
8.3.2.3.1. When three Red Cards from three different Judges have been sent to the Chief Judge on the same athlete, the athlete is disqualified, and he shall be notified of this disqualification by the Chief Judge by being shown a red paddle.