1. Unit 2: Investigations
1.1. three Common Lab Tests
1.1.1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
1.1.1.1. Department of Hematology
1.1.1.2. Determines blood elements, particularly red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, to diagnose anaemia, infection, and coagulation abnormalities.
1.1.2. Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)
1.1.2.1. Department of Biochemistry
1.1.2.2. Evaluates ions (sodium, potassium, and calcium), glucose, and kidney function tests (BUN and creatinine) to assess metabolism abnormalities and kidneys performance in clients.
1.1.3. Blood Culture
1.1.3.1. Department of Microbiology
1.1.3.2. Detects and identifies microorganisms or fungi in the bloodstream, which aids in evaluating sepsis and regulating antibacterial treatment.
1.2. Five Diagnostic Tests
1.2.1. X-ray
1.2.1.1. Department of Radiology
1.2.1.2. Utilizes magnetic radiation to generate pictures of inside body structures, including in the assessment of broken bones, lung diseases, and gastrointestinal issues.
1.2.2. Ultrasound (US)
1.2.2.1. Department of Radiology
1.2.2.2. Uses sound vibrations to produce images of the inside organs and tissues, normally used to investigate the pregnancy, stomach organs, and cardiac condition.
1.2.3. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
1.2.3.1. Department of Cardiology
1.2.3.2. The electrical discharge from the heart is monitored to evaluate rhythms and operation, assisting in the identification of conditions such cardiac arrhythmia myocardial infarction (Mi), and conductivity problems.
1.2.4. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
1.2.4.1. Department of Radiology
1.2.4.2. Uses X-ray imaging and computer technology to produce thorough a cross-section image of the human body, that can be useful to identify conditions in different tissues and organs such as tumours, broken bones, and haemorrhage.
1.2.5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
1.2.5.1. Department of Radiology
1.2.5.2. Utilizes electromagnetic impulses and radiation waves to convey accurate photographs of the inside body structures, include sensitive tissues, brain and vertebral cord, muscles, and cancers.
2. Unit 3: Direction of Care
2.1. 2 common food restrictions
2.1.1. Low Sodium Diet
2.1.1.1. To control heart failure, hypertension, or swelling, restrict the amount of salt you consume and control the level of fluid and blood pressure levels.
2.1.2. Diabetes Diet
2.1.2.1. Recommended by physicians to regulate their glucose levels, carbohydrates consumption, and insulin reaction reducing complications including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
2.2. 2 activities orders
2.2.1. Ambulation as Tolerated (AT)
2.2.1.1. Promotes clients to exercise within their comfort level, strengthening movement, reducing difficulties which includes thrombosis of deep veins, and promoting rehabilitation efforts.
2.2.2. Bed Rest
2.2.2.1. Restricted exercising and movement to patients with acute illnesses, wounds, or post-surgical recovery to reduce stress, improve the healing process, and reduce problems.
2.3. 2 Nursing interventions
2.3.1. Wound Dressing Changes
2.3.1.1. To encourage recovery, prevent infection, and maintain an environment that is clean. These steps are essential for controlling chronic as well as acute wounds.
2.3.2. Medication Administration
2.3.2.1. Recommended to manage signs and symptoms, heal underlying disorders, and promote recovery among patients. Makes sure prompt and precise administration of prescribed medications to preserve or improve health.
2.4. 2 common I/V Blood Administration and Oxygenation Interventions
2.4.1. Intravenous (IV) Fluid Administration
2.4.1.1. Used for maintaining the right amount of fluid, hydrated, give medicines, and maintain essential organs function for individuals that are unable to consume liquids through the mouth or require immediate assistance.
2.4.2. Oxygen Therapy
2.4.2.1. Recommended to improve respiration for individuals with difficulty breathing or a lack of oxygen It helps to preserve acceptable oxygenation of tissues while avoiding implications with low levels of oxygen.
2.5. List 2 common Gl or GU interventions
2.5.1. Foley Catheter Insertion
2.5.1.1. To remove urine out of the bladder, accurately track output, decrease the retention of urine, and avoid difficulties such as infection of the urinary tract.
2.5.2. Nasogastric (NG) Tube Insertion
2.5.2.1. Utilised for treating digestive disorders such intestinal congestion or diarrhoea by decompression the stomach and emptying the contents of the stomach, administering drugs, or giving intravenous food to patients whose are unable to tolerate oral intake.
2.6. One consultant Order
2.6.1. Nutrition Consult:
2.6.1.1. Recommended to investigate the client's dietary state, establish individualised dietary suggestions, and provide the essential nourishment for effective recovery and wound healing.
3. Unit 4: Pharmacology/Medication Categories
3.1. five medication categories commonly prescribed in this hospital department
3.1.1. Antibiotics
3.1.1.1. Medications that reduce or destroy organisms are separated into different categories according to their method of administration and variety of activities.
3.1.1.2. Required for patients with believed or confirmed infections caused by bacteria, including pneumonia, infections of the urinary tract, or Sepsis, with the objective to eliminate the causing bacteria to prevent implications.
3.1.2. Analgesics
3.1.2.1. Pain medications which affect the nervous system are prescribed to patients who suffer from trauma, medical pain, or persistent illnesses, without the goal of enhancing pain and rehabilitation.
3.1.3. Diuretics
3.1.3.1. Diuretic drugs are treatments which boost the production of urine by a few processes, such as promoting the elimination of salt and water in the kidney.
3.1.3.2. Recommended for the treatment of excessive fluid intake, elevated blood pressure, or swelling caused by conditions such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, or liver damage, with the aim of decreasing excessive fluid absorption and reducing the symptoms of excessive volume.
3.1.4. Anticoagulants
3.1.4.1. Medication which reduces or prevent coagulation of the blood.
3.1.4.2. Provided to avoid thromboembolic complications in clients with a risk of forming clots, including those with heart failure, thrombosis of deep veins, or pulmonary artery disease, with the aim of reducing the risk of a stroke, vein thromboembolism, or complications.
3.1.5. Antihypertensives
3.1.5.1. To reduce cardiovascular risk using different mechanisms, include a process known as urine production, and decreased cardiac output.
3.1.5.2. To control high blood pressure and reducing the risk of implications such as a stroke, myocardial infarction, and dialysis.
3.2. sample medication order for each medication category using a specific drug from each category
3.2.1. Antibiotics
3.2.1.1. Medication
3.2.1.1.1. Ceftriaxone 1g IV q12h
3.2.1.2. Indication
3.2.1.2.1. Medications prescribed to treat pneumonia
3.2.1.3. Route
3.2.1.3.1. Intravenously every 12 hours.
3.2.2. Analgesics
3.2.2.1. Medication
3.2.2.1.1. Morphine sulfate 2 mg IV PRN pain score ≥ 4
3.2.2.2. Indication
3.2.2.2.1. Drugs help to Acute postoperative pain.
3.2.2.3. Route
3.2.2.3.1. Administer intravenously as needed for pain score of 4 or higher
3.2.3. Diuretics
3.2.3.1. Medication
3.2.3.1.1. Furosemide (Lasix) 40 mg IV daily
3.2.3.2. Indication
3.2.3.2.1. Medications prescribed to treat Heart failure exacerbation with fluid overload
3.2.3.3. Route
3.2.3.3.1. Administer intravenously once daily.
3.2.4. Anticoagulants
3.2.4.1. Medication
3.2.4.1.1. Enoxaparin (Lovenox) 40 mg subcutaneous daily
3.2.4.2. Indication
3.2.4.2.1. Drugs help to Prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
3.2.4.3. Route
3.2.4.3.1. Administer subcutaneously once daily
3.2.5. Antihypertensives
3.2.5.1. Medication
3.2.5.1.1. Amlodipine (Norvasc) 5 mg PO daily
3.2.5.2. Indication
3.2.5.2.1. Medications prescribed to treat Hypertension
3.2.5.3. Route
3.2.5.3.1. Administer orally once daily