Operating system: Subsystems

1. FILE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

1.1. FILE CREATION AND DELETION: Manages the creation, deletion, and naming of files and directories.

1.2. FILE ACCESS AND PERMISSIONS: Controles access permissions to ensure only authorized users and processes can access specific files.

2. DEVICE MANAGEMENT

2.1. DEVICE ALLOCATION: Manages the allocation of devices to processes.

2.2. DEVICE DRIVERS: Provides and manages drivers that facilitate communication between the OS and hardware devices.

2.3. I/O OPERATIONS: Manages input and output operations, buffering, and spooling to ensure efficient data transfer between devices and memory

3. SECURITY MANAGEMENT

3.1. AUTHENTICATION: Verifies user identities using passwords, biometrics, or other authentications methods.

3.2. AUTHORIZATION: Determines user permissions and access rights to system resources.

3.3. ENCRYPTION AND DATA PROTECTION: Utilizes encryption and other techniques to protect data integrity and confidentiality.

3.4. MONITORING AND AUDITING: Keeps logs and monitors system activities to detect and respond to security breaches

4. PROCESS MANAGEMENT

4.1. PROCESS SCHEDULING: Decides the order in which processes run, utilicing algorithms like First-Served(FCFS), shortest job next(SJN), or Round Robin(RR)

4.2. PROCESS CREATION AND TERMINATION: Handles the initiation and ending of processes

4.3. PROCESS SYNCHRONIZATION: Manages how processes interact and communicate, ensuring proper synchronization to avoid issues like deadlock.

5. MEMORY MANAGEMENT

5.1. MEMORY ALLOCATION: Assigns memory to proceses and manages the distribution of physical and virual memory.

5.2. PAGING AND SEGMENTATION: Utilizes paging and segmentation techniques to manage memory allocation efficienrly.

5.3. MEMORY PROTECTION: Ensures that processes do not interfere with each others memory spaces, providing isolation and protection

6. REFERENCES

6.1. Silberschatz, A, Galvin, P.B., & Gagbe, G. (2018). Operating System concepts. Wiley.

6.2. Tanenbaum, A.S., & Bos, H. (2014). Modern Oprating Systems. Pearson.