1. Royal Abbey of St Denis, Paris (Suger's Rebuilding: 1135 - 1144)
1.1. Ambulatory 1137 - 1140
1.2. First Gothic building
1.2.1. Ribbed vaulting means that the new structure forms new, innovate shapes which were previously impossible.
1.3. Abbot Suger
1.4. St. Denis --> Pseudo Dionysius
1.4.1. Christian Neo-Platonism
1.4.1.1. Matter = Bad
1.4.1.2. Pure Form = Good
1.4.2. St John's Gospel: God is light
1.4.2.1. Choir: Huge stained glass windows
1.5. 'Heavenly Jerusalem'
1.6. Jesse Window
1.6.1. Part of the new front and choir.
1.6.2. Mystical significance of light.
1.6.2.1. Adding a more holy light
1.6.2.2. Huge contrast to Romanesque churches
1.7. Symbols
1.7.1. Peter and Paul are the pillars of the church
1.7.2. 12 inner columns of the chevet: with disciples/apostles
1.7.3. Outer columns =minor prophets
1.7.4. Rose Window
1.7.5. Trinity of doors
2. Inglostadt, Liebfrauenmunder, from 1425
2.1. Tablet shaped
2.2. Nothing stops the vaults
2.3. Exposed vaults in the side chapels
3. Light
3.1. St Augustine
3.1.1. Matter = bad
3.1.2. Ideal form = good
3.1.3. God is beyond our imagination
3.1.4. God = light
4. Florence Cathedral, begun 1296
4.1. Few windows
5. St Annen, Annaberg, Germanny, begun 1499
5.1. Very light
5.2. No flying buttresses
5.3. Complex vaulting
6. Gothic Art, by Michael Camille
6.1. Gothic as 'a new vision of space'
6.2. Cathedral architecgture is showing how the church could control and manpulate space on earth
6.3. Gothic as a break with tradition: originally called 'opus francigenum' (French Style/New Style'
6.4. Intricate exteriors to entice people to enter: 'advertisments in stone'
6.5. Focus was usually the West Front
6.6. Like the Heavenly Jerusalem described in teh vision of the Apoocalypse in Revelation 21
6.6.1. 'walls great and high'
6.6.2. 'pure gold, like unto glass' --> Camille: 'crystaline appearance'
6.7. Huge contrast to small, dark homes of most people: showing the church's power and wealth, awed them.
6.7.1. Not everyone liked them. Peter the Chanter (d. 1117), canon at Notre Dame de Paris critized this excess as being like the Tower of Babel.
6.8. England: Cathedrals more isolated from civilization e.g. Salisbury
6.8.1. More urban in France and Germany
6.9. Wells Cathdral, 1230 - 1250
6.9.1. Unlike French Gothic
6.9.2. Focus on depth of portals
6.9.3. On screen-like canopies with 257 statues
6.10. 'Gothic architecture has to be seen as part of this ever-changing spatial performance of the liturgy'
6.11. Cult of the Virgin = one of the greatest incentives in cathedral building
6.12. Rheims Cathedral
6.12.1. sculptural elements of the East end show that this is the most sacred and important part of the church
6.13. 13th Century Gothic we see huge buildings
6.13.1. St. Urbain, Troyes, begun 1260
6.13.1.1. small cathedral
6.13.1.2. exterior is composed so that all the elements seem deatched
6.13.1.3. Camille: shows imagination, 'capacity to build castles in the air'
6.13.1.4. so light: no glass in certain parts of the tracery; just air
6.13.1.5. Rayonnant Gothic 1260 - 1300
6.14. Gothic architecture was planned as they went along, on site
6.15. Sculptures were very often endorsed in a canopy (3D version of the pointed arch)
6.15.1. Connatations of security
6.15.2. The frame was the locus: 'allowed the viewers to position themselves in relation to the representation within' Figure is elevated to a divine level.
6.15.3. Only gargoyles were ever without canopies: their exterior isolation, draine pipes: an 'ungodly ejection from the church'.
6.15.4. Canopies, alongisde crocketed finials and sharply pointed pinnacles were the image of Holy Jerusalem.
6.16. 'Gothic was the creation of a complete space, a total enviornment'.
6.17. Suger: "Some strange region of the universe which neither exists entirely in the slime of the earth non entirely in th epurity of heaven."
6.18. Light was very important: removal of gallery + flying buttresses = larger clerestory windows
6.18.1. Chartres is very gloomy; filtered, jewel-colored light - 'a vision of that other would "garnished with all manner of precious stones"' (Revelation 21)
6.18.2. Rose windows = Virgin Mary
6.19. Latin: many words for light
6.19.1. lumen = light multiplied spacially
6.19.2. lux = light from luminous bodies
6.19.3. splendour = reflected light
6.19.4. lux nova = Suger's choir windows
6.20. Gothic art = metaphysics of light
6.20.1. Pseudo-Dionysius - 5th Century
6.20.1.1. revival during the 12th Century
6.20.1.2. Suger was eager to link with St Denis
6.20.1.3. Christian mystic: God = an "incomprehensible and inaccessible light"
6.20.2. Light quality changed over the years
6.20.2.1. Chartres is very dark and mysterious
6.20.2.2. "This latter glass makes the walls of the church seem not so much garnished with a mosaic of precious stones as disappearing altogether in diaphanous radiance."
6.20.2.3. 13th Century allowed for more light to enter
6.20.2.4. People becoming more partial to materials such as crystals and diamonds, meanwhile, perspective philosophers were looking at refraction of light through the eye
6.20.3. 1300 - silver staining in stained glass develops
6.20.3.1. white = important
6.20.4. Giotto: instead of transporting viewers to a heavenly realm, he's bringing them down to earth
6.20.4.1. Fresco: Italian's main way of defining space - Arena Chapel = coherent, painted narrative
6.20.5. Canterbury Cathedral
6.20.5.1. Pilgrims would literally move down from the dark of the crypts in to the light of the Trinity chapel (1220) where the relics of Thomas Beckett were displayed: v. bright with stained glass windows, each one representing his miracles.'
6.20.5.1.1. 'New spatial experience'
6.20.6. Louis IX: Sainte-Chapelle
6.20.6.1. Essentially a huge reliquarium
6.20.6.2. So much light through windows reflecting off of gilded statues
6.20.6.3. 'chromatic brilliance of Gothic' lost from most buildings due to austerity of later century's tastes
6.20.6.4. Like being ain a huge gemstone
7. Sens Cathedral, begun 1140s
7.1. Continuous shaft with alternate rhythms
8. Benedikt Reid/Rejt 1450 - 1531, Prague Castle
8.1. Vladislaw Hall 1493 - 1502
9. Milan Cathedral, 1380s
9.1. Most gothic of Italian churches
9.2. Had French and German masons
10. Notre Dame de Paris, 1163 - 1250
10.1. Trying to maximize the light
10.2. Random section in the East = different
11. Chatres Cathedral, 1194 - 1220
11.1. Neoplatonist
11.2. Medieval interest in geometry and proportion
11.3. First of the great High Gothic cathedrals
11.4. Triple portal
11.5. Nave elevation
11.6. Original stained glass
12. High Middle Ages architecure
12.1. France 12th to early 16th Century
12.1.1. As it goes on, it becomes more flamboyant and loses some of it's coherence and logical structure.
12.1.2. French Gothic is very streamlined
12.1.3. French Gothic is very streamlined
12.2. Name = derogatory
12.3. Pointed arch
12.4. Flying buttreses
12.4.1. Uniformed vaulting of any plan shape
12.4.2. Increased height
12.4.3. Elimination of non-load bearing walls
12.5. Rib vaulting
12.6. Spanish and Portuguese Gothic: Very intricate and decorative.
12.6.1. Need for smaller windows
12.7. Italian Gothic = simpler (with the exception of Milan)
12.7.1. Need for smaller windows
12.8. Germany and Central Europe: Very inventive, though self-conscious late Gothic.
12.9. Three Stages
12.9.1. Early Gothic: 1140 - 1200
12.9.2. High Gothic: 1200 - 1260
12.9.3. Rayonnant: 1260 - 1300
13. Batalha, Portugal, 1386 - 1517
13.1. Very ornamented
13.2. Encrusted
13.3. Complex
13.4. Small windows
14. English Gothic
14.1. No 'British Gothic'
14.2. Roche Abbey, South Yorkshire 1247
14.2.1. Transitional Style
14.2.1.1. Pointed arches/windows (Gothic)
14.2.1.2. Round arches/windows (Romanesque)
14.3. Cantebury Cathedral, 1175 - 1185
14.3.1. By William of Sens
14.3.2. Choir very similar to that of Sens Cathedral
14.4. Westminster Abbey, begun 1245
14.4.1. Mostly built 1245 - 1272
14.4.2. The most French of English cathedrals
14.4.3. Nave
14.4.4. Chapter House, c. 1246
14.4.4.1. Lots of glass, minimum masonry
14.5. Salisbury Cathedral, 1220 - 1258
14.5.1. Early English/ 'First Pointed'
14.5.2. Cloister
14.5.3. Specific chapel for the Virgin
14.5.4. Purbeck marble (polished limestone)
14.5.5. Simple lancet windows
14.5.6. Quadpartite vaulting
14.6. Lincoln Cathedral, early 13th Century
14.6.1. Tieceron vaulting
14.6.2. Two sets of transepts
14.6.3. Extra chapel
14.6.4. Small cloisters
14.6.5. High Gothic
14.6.6. First Phase of English Decorated: Geometric
14.6.6.1. Geometrical Tracery
14.7. Elgin Cathedral, 13th Century
14.7.1. Borrowed Lincoln's order of surface
14.7.2. Only cathedral with two towers
14.8. More complex arch sections than the French
14.9. More complex plans than the French
14.9.1. Plan of Notre Dame de Paris
14.9.2. Plan of Lincoln church
14.10. Ely Cathedral c. 1320 - 1350
14.10.1. Second phase of English Decorative Gothic: Curvolinear
14.10.2. Very complex
14.10.3. Every statue is headless thanks to the Reformation
14.11. Gloucester Cathedral 1340 - 1350
14.11.1. Final stage of English Decorative: Perpendicular
14.11.2. Rising verticles
14.11.3. Lierne vaulting
14.11.3.1. Developed into fan vaulting in other parts of the cathedral, like at King's College, Cambridge, 1516
14.12. Henry VII chapel, Westminster Abbey, 1503 - 1509
15. Burgos Cathedral, begun 1221
16. Gothic in Scotland
16.1. Holyrood Abbey, 1128
16.1.1. New religious orders from France
16.1.2. Augustinian
16.2. St Micheal's, Linlithgow
16.2.1. French flamboyant design in the South Transept
16.3. Glasgow Cathedral (early 13th Century)
16.3.1. Lower story for tomb
16.3.2. Simple lancet windows
16.3.3. Wooden vaults
16.4. Melrose Abbey, post 1385
16.4.1. Paid by Richard II as an apology for sacking
16.4.2. By John Morow
16.4.2.1. Closer to French flamboyant work
16.4.2.2. Worked everywhere in Scotland
16.4.2.3. Scotland fought for France in wars