1. 3) EC announced the campaigning is only taking place for 13 days
2. Local Council Election (abolished in 1990s)
3. HOW
3.1. can be either unitary or federal
3.1.1. held when YDPA dissolves the parliament (on the advice/request of PM)
3.2. 3 types of election
3.2.1. general election
3.2.1.1. after the parliament or State Legislative Assembly (SLA) is dissolved
3.3. death of member of SLA, vacancy of seat absenteeism
3.4. Flow of Election in Malaysia
3.4.1. 1) Election Commision (EC) announced the nomination and polling day
3.4.2. 2) EC set the polling centres to allow the candidates register themselves
3.4.3. 4) On the voting day, every citizen (aged 21 and above) votes (3 weeks)
3.4.4. 5) Result of the election will be announced at night on the same day
3.5. 2 levels being elected
3.5.1. Lower House of Parliamentary (Dewan Rakyat)
3.5.2. State Legislative Assembly (DUN)
3.6. General Election
3.7. State Legislative Assembly
3.7.1. if YDPA dissolves it (advice by chief minister)
4. 2 TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
4.1. instrumentalism
4.1.1. benefits
4.1.1.1. good laws + policies
4.1.1.2. improvement in characters
4.1.1.3. concern the interest rights + society's opinion
4.2. non-instrumentalism
4.2.1. liberty
4.2.1.1. influenced by cultural environmet
4.2.1.2. have chances of self-gov. when democracy is used
4.2.2. each has right to liberty (freedom)
5. Role: constitute a social contract between people and parties
6. a method of group decision making characterized by a kind of equality among the participants at an essential stage of collective decision making.
7. WHAT
7.1. defined as a government of the people, by the people, for the people
8. WHO
8.1. meaning
8.2. the people are the ultimate source of power and its success and failure depend on their wisdom, consciousness and vigilance
8.3. John Stuart Mill
8.3.1. the people who participate in the election must be educate enough
8.3.2. argued that a democratic method of makig legislation is better than non-democratic methods in 3 ways:
8.3.2.1. strategically
8.3.2.2. epistemically
8.3.2.3. improvement of characters of democratic citizens
9. 4 ASPECTS OF DEMOCRACY
9.1. decision making
9.2. cover a kind of groups
9.3. normative questions
9.4. equality required
10. EXAMPLE
10.1. a democratic federal republic
10.2. Malaysia
10.2.1. run the election every 5 years
10.3. India
10.3.1. success of democracy in India
10.3.1.1. 1) empowerment given to poor
10.3.1.2. 2) powerful & responsible opposition
10.3.1.3. 3) presence of strong public opinion
10.3.1.4. 4) tolerance and communal harmony among people