THE THREE FACES OF POWER: three theories on how power is exercised

1. 3RD FACE OF POWER: PREFERENCE SHAPING

1.1. Steven Lukes

1.2. a critique of the behavioral focus

1.3. focus on decision-making and control over political agenda (not necessarily through decisions)

1.4. focus on issues and potential issues

1.5. observable (overt or covert), and latent conflict

1.6. acknowledges subjective and real interests

2. 1ST FACE OF POWER: DECISION-MAKING

2.1. Robert Dahl

2.2. focus on behavior

2.3. focus on decision-making

2.4. focus on (key) issues

2.5. focus on observable (overt) conflict

2.6. focus on (subjective) interests, seen as policy preferences

2.7. revealed by political participation

3. 2ND FACE OF POWER: AGENDA-SETTING

3.1. Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz

3.2. a critique of the behavioral focus

3.3. focus on decision-making and non-decision making

3.4. focus on issues and potential issues

3.5. focus on observable (overt or covert) conflict

3.6. acknowledges (subjective) interests, seen as policy preferences or grievances