1. Research and Development
1.1. Academic (basic) and applied research
1.1.1. Agriculture and forestry
1.1.1.1. Farm and field systems
1.1.1.2. Impact studies
1.1.1.3. Irrigation systems
1.1.1.4. Plant and feedstock nutrition
1.1.1.5. Risk assessment
1.1.2. Automotive, aerospace, and marine
1.1.2.1. Combustion and emissions
1.1.2.2. Failure analysis
1.1.2.3. Fluid dynamics
1.1.2.4. Power conversion and control
1.1.2.5. Propulsion and power generation
1.1.2.6. Safety
1.1.2.7. Structural integrity
1.1.3. Calibration and standards
1.1.3.1. Analytical instrumentation
1.1.3.2. Engineering measurement
1.1.3.3. Material and chemical measurement
1.1.3.4. Physical measurement
1.1.3.5. Standard development
1.1.4. Chemical
1.1.4.1. Chemical model and theorydevelopment
1.1.4.2. Simulation and prediction
1.1.4.3. Test method development
1.1.5. Clinical and academic research
1.1.5.1. Academic
1.1.5.1.1. Archeology
1.1.5.1.2. Astronomy
1.1.5.1.3. Information technology
1.1.5.1.4. Physics
1.1.5.1.5. Etc., etc.
1.1.5.2. Clinical
1.1.5.2.1. Analytical tool development and improvement
1.1.5.2.2. Disease research and tracking
1.1.5.2.3. Diagnostic method development
1.1.5.2.4. Process improvement
1.1.6. Cosmetic
1.1.6.1. Chemical and material research
1.1.6.2. Safety studies
1.1.7. Energy
1.1.7.1. Energy resource assessment
1.1.7.2. Energy system modeling
1.1.7.3. Sustainability studies
1.1.8. Environmental
1.1.8.1. Assessment and impact studies
1.1.8.2. Ecological modeling and forecasting
1.1.8.3. Ecosystem maintenance and restoration
1.1.8.4. Risk assessment
1.1.9. Food and beverage
1.1.9.1. Food component research
1.1.9.2. Reverse engineering
1.1.9.3. Nutritional and bioactivity studies
1.1.9.4. Safety studies
1.1.9.5. Sensory evaluation studies
1.1.9.6. Standards development
1.1.10. Geology and mining
1.1.10.1. Earthquake engineering
1.1.10.2. Hazard and risk assessment
1.1.10.3. Mine design and simulation
1.1.10.4. Safety studies
1.1.10.5. Seismic studies
1.1.11. Law enforcement and forensics
1.1.11.1. Postmortem studies
1.1.11.2. Simulation studies
1.1.11.3. Sociological studies
1.1.11.4. Statistical research
1.1.11.5. Test method development
1.1.12. Life sciences and biotechnology
1.1.12.1. Biomaterial research
1.1.12.2. Cancer research
1.1.12.3. Characterization of brain activity
1.1.12.4. Plant transformation and growth stress studies
1.1.12.5. Translational research
1.1.13. Logistics
1.1.13.1. Development and improvement of transportation and routing policies
1.1.13.2. Development and improvement of material flow management systems and components
1.1.14. Nanotechnology
1.1.14.1. Advanced materials development
1.1.14.2. Instrument development
1.1.14.3. Manufacturing method development
1.1.14.4. Nanoscience-based simulation
1.1.14.5. Nanosafety studies
1.1.14.6. Performance improvement research
1.1.14.7. Standards development
1.1.15. Petrochemical and hydrocarbon
1.1.15.1. Additive development and improvement
1.1.15.2. Formation damage studies
1.1.15.3. Process improvement
1.1.15.4. Reservoir simulations
1.1.16. Pharmaceutical
1.1.16.1. Assay and medical device development
1.1.16.2. Formulation optimization
1.1.16.3. Hit picking/screening of potential therapeutics
1.1.16.4. Method development and validation
1.1.16.5. Safety assessment
1.1.17. Power and utility
1.1.17.1. Hardware design, verification, and optimization
1.1.17.2. Real-time digital power system (RTDS) simulation
1.1.17.3. Power grid optimization
1.1.18. Veterinary
1.1.18.1. Animal disease research and tracking
1.1.18.2. Experimental inoculation
1.1.18.3. Genotyping
1.1.18.4. Vaccine development
1.2. Experimental product development
1.2.1. Any industry, including manufacturing and R&D
1.2.1.1. Advanced materials development
1.2.1.2. Comparison testing
1.2.1.3. Design review and evaluation
1.2.1.3.1. Automobile
1.2.1.3.2. Food and beverage
1.2.1.3.3. Medical device
1.2.1.3.4. Pharmaceutical
1.2.1.3.5. Etc., etc.
1.2.1.4. Manufacturing process innovation
1.2.1.5. Materials characterization
1.2.1.6. Product miniaturization
1.2.1.7. Recipe formulation
1.2.1.8. Reverse engineering
1.2.1.9. Shelf life analysis
2. Analytical
2.1. Pure analytical
2.1.1. Agriculture and forestry
2.1.1.1. Animal tissue analysis
2.1.1.2. Disease tracking and analysis
2.1.1.3. Fertilizer and pesticide analysis
2.1.1.4. Seed and soil analysis
2.1.1.5. Plant fibers and chemicals analysis
2.1.2. Automotive, aerospace, and marine
2.1.2.1. Fuel and lubricant analysis
2.1.2.2. Materials analysis
2.1.2.3. Paint and coating analysis
2.1.3. Chemical
2.1.3.1. Qualitative and quantitative analysis
2.1.3.2. Geochemical testing
2.1.3.3. Inorganic materials synthesis
2.1.3.4. Nuclear testing
2.1.4. Clinical, public and private
2.1.4.1. Biobanking
2.1.4.2. Clinical diagnostic
2.1.4.2.1. Anatomic pathology
2.1.4.2.2. Clinical pathology
2.1.4.2.3. Clinical immunology
2.1.4.2.4. Clinical toxicology
2.1.4.2.5. Medical genetics
2.1.4.2.6. Medical parasitology
2.1.4.2.7. Reproductive biology
2.1.4.3. Hospital
2.1.4.4. Physician office
2.1.4.5. Public health
2.1.5. Clinical and academic research
2.1.5.1. Academic
2.1.5.1.1. Archeology
2.1.5.1.2. Astronomy
2.1.5.1.3. Information technology
2.1.5.1.4. Physics
2.1.5.1.5. Etc., etc.
2.1.5.2. Clinical
2.1.5.2.1. Central laboratory
2.1.6. Cosmetic
2.1.6.1. Allergy and safety testing
2.1.6.2. Compatibility and efficacy claim substantiation
2.1.7. Energy
2.1.7.1. Biomass and other fuel analysis
2.1.7.2. Emissions testing
2.1.7.3. Energy efficiency analysis
2.1.8. Environmental
2.1.8.1. Biological and microbiological testing
2.1.8.2. Exposure testing
2.1.8.3. Field testing
2.1.8.4. Heavy metals testing
2.1.8.5. Industrial hygiene testing
2.1.8.6. Monitoring
2.1.8.6.1. Air quality testing
2.1.8.6.2. Site remediation testing
2.1.8.6.3. Water and wastewater quality testing
2.1.8.7. Radiological testing
2.1.9. Food and beverage
2.1.9.1. Claims testing
2.1.9.2. Allergen testing
2.1.9.3. Extractables and leachables testing
2.1.9.4. Hazard analysis
2.1.9.5. Packaging analysis
2.1.9.6. Shelf life testing
2.1.10. Geology and mining
2.1.10.1. Drill core analysis
2.1.10.2. Earth magnetism measurement
2.1.10.3. Geochemical analysis
2.1.10.4. Geological monitoring
2.1.10.5. Materials analysis
2.1.10.6. Petrological imaging
2.1.10.7. Physical testing
2.1.10.8. Purity testing
2.1.10.9. Site remediation testing
2.1.10.10. Soil analysis
2.1.11. Law enforcement and forensics
2.1.11.1. Audio and image analysis
2.1.11.2. Body fluid and DNA analysis
2.1.11.3. Carbon dating
2.1.11.4. Computer and cryptographic analysis
2.1.11.5. Evidence screening
2.1.11.6. Firearms analysis
2.1.11.7. Facial reconstruction
2.1.11.8. Fire debris analysis
2.1.11.9. Handwriting and fingerprint analysis
2.1.11.10. Insect analysis
2.1.11.11. Vehicle fluid and paint analysis
2.1.12. Life sciences and biotechnology
2.1.12.1. DNA sequencing and fragment analysis
2.1.12.2. Gene base sequence analysis
2.1.12.3. In vivo animal testing
2.1.12.4. Predictive testing
2.1.12.5. Prenatal and newborn screening
2.1.12.6. Protein and peptide analysis
2.1.13. Logistics
2.1.13.1. Cargo analysis - Custody transfer
2.1.13.2. Cargo analysis - Dispute resolution
2.1.13.3. Cargo analysis - Radiation and explosive detection
2.1.13.4. Traffic and driving behavior modeling and analysis
2.1.13.5. Logistics data analysis
2.1.14. Nanotechnology
2.1.14.1. Characterization and testing of nanoscale devices and materials
2.1.15. Petrochemical and hydrocarbon
2.1.15.1. Batch distillation
2.1.15.2. Characterization testing
2.1.15.3. Corrosion testing
2.1.15.4. Environmental testing
2.1.15.5. Octane and cetane determinations
2.1.15.6. Purity and contaminate analysis
2.1.15.7. Used oil analysis
2.1.16. Pharmaceutical
2.1.16.1. Bioequivalence testing
2.1.16.2. Contaminates and impurities testing
2.1.16.3. Counterfeit testing
2.1.16.4. Dissolution testing
2.1.16.5. Materials testing
2.1.16.6. Shelf life testing
2.1.16.7. Stability and photostability testing
2.1.17. Power and utility
2.1.17.1. Certification testing
2.1.17.2. Environmental simulation testing
2.1.17.3. Forensic and incident analysis
2.1.17.4. High-voltage analysis
2.1.17.5. Magnetic material characterization
2.1.17.6. Material analysis
2.1.17.7. Mechanical testing
2.1.17.8. Seismic withstand testing
2.1.17.9. Short circuit analysis
2.1.17.10. Water and wastewater quality monitoring and analysis
2.1.18. Veterinary
2.1.18.1. Veterinary anatomic pathology
2.1.18.1.1. Gross pathology
2.1.18.1.2. Histopathology
2.1.18.2. Veterinary clinical pathology
2.1.18.2.1. Chemical pathology
2.1.18.2.2. Hematology
2.1.18.2.3. Surgical pathology and cytology
2.1.18.2.4. Veterinary microbiology
2.1.18.3. Medical parasitology
2.1.18.4. Theriogenology
2.1.18.5. Veterinary genetics
2.1.18.6. Veterinary immunology
2.1.18.7. Veterinary toxicology
2.1.18.8. Zoological medicine
2.2. Calibration and standards
2.2.1. Instrument calibration and repair
2.2.2. Reference standard calibration
3. Quality assurance and compliance
3.1. Conformance and quality control testing, including batch variation, contaminate, and non-routine quality testing
3.1.1. Biological and microbiological
3.1.1.1. Clinical
3.1.1.2. Environmental
3.1.1.3. Food and beverage
3.1.1.4. Law enforcement and forensics
3.1.1.5. Life sciences and biotechnology
3.1.1.6. Logistics
3.1.1.7. Manufacturing
3.1.1.8. Nanotechnology
3.1.1.9. Pharmaceutical
3.1.1.10. Veterinary
3.1.2. Chemical
3.1.2.1. Agriculture and forestry
3.1.2.2. Chemical
3.1.2.3. Cosmetic
3.1.2.4. Energy
3.1.2.5. Environmental
3.1.2.6. Geology and mining
3.1.2.7. Logistics
3.1.2.8. Manufacturing
3.1.2.9. Petrochemical and hydrocarbon
3.1.2.10. Power and utility
3.1.3. Mechanical
3.1.3.1. Automotive, aerospace, and marine
3.1.3.2. Energy
3.1.3.3. Manufacturing
3.1.3.4. Nanotechnology
3.1.3.5. Power and utility
4. Teaching
4.1. Agriculture and forestry
4.1.1. Animal science
4.1.2. Biology
4.1.3. Chemistry
4.1.4. Food science
4.2. Automotive, aerospace, and marine
4.2.1. Chemistry
4.2.2. Engineering
4.2.3. Materials
4.2.4. Physics
4.3. Calibration and standards
4.3.1. Engineering
4.3.2. Metrology
4.3.3. Physics
4.4. Chemical
4.4.1. Chemistry
4.4.1.1. Analytical chemistry
4.4.1.2. Inorganic chemistry
4.4.1.3. Organic chemistry
4.4.1.4. Physical chemistry
4.4.1.5. Theoretical chemistry
4.5. Clinical, public and private
4.5.1. Anatomic pathology
4.5.1.1. Cytopathology
4.5.1.2. Dermatopathology
4.5.1.3. Histopathology
4.5.1.4. Molecular pathology
4.5.1.5. Neuropathology
4.5.1.6. Surgical pathology
4.5.2. Clinical pathology
4.5.2.1. Chemical pathology
4.5.2.2. Hematology and hematopathology
4.5.2.3. Medical microbiology
4.5.2.4. Medical virology
4.5.2.5. Molecular pathology
4.5.3. Clinical immunology
4.5.4. Clinical toxicology
4.5.5. Medical genetics
4.5.6. Medical parasitology
4.5.7. Reproductive biology
4.6. Clinical and academic research
4.6.1. Academic
4.6.1.1. Archeology
4.6.1.2. Astronomy
4.6.1.3. Information technology
4.6.1.4. Physics
4.6.1.5. Etc., etc.
4.6.2. Clinical
4.6.2.1. See "Clinical, public and private"
4.7. Cosmetic
4.7.1. Biology
4.7.2. Chemistry
4.8. Energy
4.8.1. Biology
4.8.2. Chemistry
4.8.3. Engineering
4.8.4. Physics
4.9. Environmental
4.9.1. Biology
4.9.2. Chemistry
4.9.3. Engineering
4.10. Food and beverage
4.10.1. Biology
4.10.2. Chemistry
4.10.3. Food science
4.11. Geology and mining
4.11.1. Chemistry
4.11.2. Engineering
4.11.3. Geology
4.12. Law enforcement and forensic
4.12.1. Anthropology
4.12.2. Biology
4.12.3. Chemistry
4.12.4. Dental
4.12.5. Entomology
4.12.6. Physics
4.12.7. Veterinary
4.13. Life sciences and biotechnology
4.13.1. Anatomy
4.13.2. Biology
4.13.3. Chemistry
4.13.4. Engineering
4.13.5. See "Clinical, public and private"
4.14. Logistics
4.14.1. Engineering
4.14.2. Logistics
4.14.3. Physics
4.15. Manufacturing and R&D
4.15.1. Depends on field; e.g., food science for food processing and development, engineering for manufacturing systems, and nanotechnology for nanomanufacturing processes.
4.16. Nanotechnology
4.16.1. Biology
4.16.2. Chemistry
4.16.3. Engineering
4.16.4. Physics
4.17. Petrochemical and hydrocarbon
4.17.1. Chemistry
4.17.2. Geology
4.17.3. Physics
4.18. Pharmaceutical
4.18.1. Biology
4.18.2. Chemistry
4.18.3. Genetics
4.18.4. Pathology
4.18.5. Pharmacology
4.19. Power and utility
4.19.1. Chemistry
4.19.2. Engineering
4.19.3. Physics
4.20. Veterinary
4.20.1. Veterinary anatomic pathology
4.20.1.1. Gross pathology
4.20.1.2. Histopathology
4.20.2. Veterinary clinical pathology
4.20.2.1. Chemical pathology
4.20.2.2. Hematology
4.20.2.3. Surgical pathology and cytology
4.20.2.4. Veterinary microbiology
4.20.3. Medical parasitology
4.20.4. Theriogenology
4.20.5. Veterinary genetics
4.20.6. Veterinary immunology
4.20.7. Veterinary toxicology
4.20.8. Zoological medicine