1. Intuitive-Imitative Approach
1.1. late 19th Century
1.1.1. Observations about sounds were based on orthogrphy, often phonetically inacurate.
2. Analytic Linguistic Approach
2.1. Late 19th Century
2.1.1. Used a phonetical alphabet, articulatory descriptions, charts of the vocal apparatus, contrastive information and other aids to provide listenin, imitation and production
3. The Reform Movement
3.1. 1890s
3.1.1. The first linguistic and analytic contributions to pronunciation.
4. International Phonetic Alphabet
4.1. 1886
4.1.1. Represented sounds of any language visually. Phonetics became a science
5. Minimal pair drill
5.1. 1833
6. Audiolingualism in the USA
6.1. 1940s and 1950s
6.1.1. The teacher or a recording model the correct pronunciation and the students imitate and repeat.
7. Oral Approach in Britain
7.1. 1940s and 1950s
7.1.1. Identical to the Audiolingualism in the USA.
8. Cognitive Approach
8.1. 1960s
8.1.1. Stated that nativelike pronunciation was impossible, so it concentrated to other areas of learning such as grammar and vocabulary.
9. The Silent Way
9.1. 1972
9.1.1. Thestudents sharpen their own criteria on pronunciation. The teacher participates the least by using visual aids such as signs and charts.
10. Community Language Learning
10.1. 1976
10.1.1. The class says something in the native language and a student translates it.
11. Communicative Approach
11.1. 1980s until today
11.1.1. The primary focus of language is communication. Fluency becomes more important than accuracy. Accuracy comes with time and practice.