1. Equative sentence
1.1. Definition: ...is one which is used to assert the identity of the referents of 2 referring expressions
1.2. Feature: the order of the two referring expressions can be reversed without loss of acceptability
2. Predicator
2.1. The words we have just isolated from their original sentences we call the predicators of those sentences.
2.2. The PREDICATOR of a simple declarative sentence is the word (sometimes a group of words) which does not belong to any of the referring expressions and which, of the remainder, makes the most specific contribution to the meaning of the sentence.
2.3. Intuitively speaking, the predicator describes the state or process in which the referring expressions are involved.
2.4. The predicators in sentences can be of various parts of speech:
2.4.1. adjectives (red, asleep, hungry, whimsical)
2.4.2. verbs (write, stink, place)
2.4.3. prepositions (in, between, behind)
2.4.4. nouns (crook, genius)
2.4.5. obvious syntactic differences
2.4.6. semantically similar can function as the predicators of different types of words sentences
2.4.7. Exception: words of other parts of speech: cannot serve as predicators in sentences
2.5. Two semantic roles: predicator and arguments
3. Predicate
3.1. Definition: any word (or sequence of words) which (in a given single sense) can function as the predicator of a sentence.
3.2. A predicate can have only one sense
4. Generic sentence
4.1. a sentence in which some statement is made about a whole unrestricted class of individuals, as opposed to any particular individual.
4.2. May be introduced by a, the (or neithher)
5. Deixis
5.1. Deictic Words: words whose meanings depends on the situation of the utterance
5.2. Some types of deixis
5.2.1. Personal deixis
5.2.2. Demonstratives
5.2.3. Spatial deixis
5.2.4. Temporal deixix
5.3. Some verbs have deictic ingredient: come, take, bring, go
5.4. Tenses are regarded as deictic
5.5. In reported speech, deictic words in original utterance have to be changed to preserve the original reference
6. Extensions
6.1. et of all referents which that predicate potentially refers to
7. Referring expression
7.1. Definition: any expression used in an utterance to refer to something or someone, i.e. used with a particular referent in mind
7.2. The indefinite pronoun a makes a same expression a referring expression or not, depending on the context.
7.3. Certain can be added to an indefinite noun phrase of an ambiguous expression to make it a referring expression.
7.4. Definite noun phrases are frequently used as referring expressions, but not always.
8. Opaque context
8.1. Definition
8.1.1. A part of a sentence
8.1.2. Which could be made into a complete sentence
8.1.3. By the addition of a referring expression
8.1.4. But where the addition of different referring expressions, even though they refer to the same person or thing
8.1.5. Will result in sentences with different meanings
8.1.6. When uttered in a certain situation
8.2. Qpaque context typically involve a certain kind of verb : want, believe, think
9. Degree of Predicate
9.1. Definition: : a number indicating the number of arguments (referring expressions) it is normally understood to have in simple sentences.
9.1.1. Contained two parenthesized conditions
10. Universe of discourse
10.1. The referent of a referring expression can be an entity in the real world or imaginary world.
10.2. The referent of a referring expression can be a non-physical object or an abstraction
10.3. Universe of discourse: the particular world, be it real or imaginary (physical or abstract) that the speaker assumes when he is taking about at the time
10.4. No universe of discourse is a totally fictitious world.
11. Definiteness
11.1. A feature of noun phrase selected by the speaker to convey his assumption that the hearer will be able to identify the referent of the noun phrase
11.2. 3 mains types of definite noun phrase
11.2.1. Proper name
11.2.2. Personal pronouns
11.2.3. Phrase introduced by a definite determiner