1. Cognitive factors to take into account
1.1. Sts must be familiar with the topic.
1.2. Sts need to have plenty of opportunities to communicate
1.3. Sts need to hear clear pronunciation and intonation
1.4. The speaking tasks given should help Sts work from the most basic use of language to more complex uses
2. Activities
2.1. Principles for designing activities
2.1.1. 1. Use techniques that cover the spectrum of learner needs, from language based focus on accuracy to message based focus on interaction, meaning and fluency.
2.1.2. 2. Provide intrinsically motivating techniques.
2.1.3. 3. Encourage the use of authentic language in meaningful contexts.
2.1.4. 4. Provide appropriate feedback and correction.
2.1.5. 5. Capitalize on the natural link between speaking and listening.
2.1.6. 6. Give students opportunities to initiate oral communication.
2.1.7. 7. Encourage the development of speaking strategies.
2.2. Types of speaking activities
2.2.1. Whole-class
2.2.1.1. Songs, rhymes and chants
2.2.1.2. Vocabulary games
2.2.1.3. Describing pictures
2.2.2. In pairs/groups
2.2.2.1. Dialogues
2.2.2.2. Role-play
2.2.2.3. Presentations
2.2.3. Individual
2.2.3.1. Presentations