1. Types of spectroscopies
1.1. 1. Atomic spectroscopy
1.1.1. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
1.1.1.1. Electrothermal atomization : Higher sensitivity than other techniques.
1.1.1.2. Flame atomization : A faster method for testing multiple samples.
1.1.2. Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)
1.1.3. Temperature effect
1.1.3.1. Increase temerature
1.1.3.1.1. Increase atomization efficiency
1.1.3.1.2. Increase line broadening
1.1.3.1.3. Decrease peak height
1.1.3.1.4. Degree of ionization
1.2. 2.Molecular spectroscopy
1.2.1. Ultraviolet-Visible absorption Spectroscopy
1.2.1.1. Jablonski Diagram
1.2.1.2. Factors affect for the absorption
1.2.1.2.1. Effect of conjugation : Conjugation lowers the energy, thus increase the wavelength that absorbs light.
1.2.1.2.2. Solvent Effects
1.2.1.2.3. Deviations from Beer's Law
1.2.2. Infrared Molecular Spectroscopy
1.2.2.1. Criterion for IR absorption
1.2.2.1.1. Stretching Vibration
1.2.2.1.2. Bending Vibration
1.2.2.2. Selection rules
1.2.2.2.1. Change in the dipole moment of the molecule
1.2.2.2.2. Frequency of the radiation
1.2.2.2.3. For fundamental transitions
1.2.2.3. Frequency Modulation by Interferometer
1.2.2.3.1. Velocity of mirror (Vm)
1.2.2.3.2. Frequency of signal at detector
1.2.2.4. Penetration Depth
1.2.3. Fluorescence Spectroscopy
1.2.3.1. Quantum yield of Fluorescence
1.2.3.2. Fluorescence and deactivation processes
1.2.3.2.1. Radioactive : Emission of photons
1.2.3.2.2. Non-radioactive
1.2.3.3. Factors affect for Fluorescence
1.2.3.3.1. Temperature : Decrease in temperature results in higher quantum yield.
1.2.3.3.2. Solvents : Solvents having heavy atoms quench fluorescence.
1.2.3.3.3. Oxygen : Quneches fluorescence
1.2.3.4. Fluorescence Quenching
1.2.3.5. Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
1.2.4. Raman Spectroscopy
1.2.4.1. Stokes and Anti-Stokes Shifts
1.2.4.2. Induced Dipole and Polarizability
2. Basic concepts of spectroscopy
2.1. Nature of light
2.1.1. Wave nature
2.1.2. Particle nature
2.1.3. Transmission of light
2.1.4. Refraction
2.1.5. Reflection
2.2. Components of optical instruments
2.2.1. Sources of radiation
2.2.1.1. Continuum
2.2.1.2. Line sources
2.2.1.3. Lasers
2.2.2. Wavelength Selectors
2.2.2.1. Filters
2.2.2.1.1. Interference Filters : Allows wavelength of interest tp pass through
2.2.2.1.2. Absorbance Filters : Restricted to visible light
2.2.2.2. Prisms
2.2.2.3. Gratings
2.2.2.3.1. Dispersion
2.2.2.3.2. Resolving power
2.2.3. Detectors
2.2.3.1. Thermal detectors
2.2.3.2. Photon detectors
3. Interaction of light with matter
3.1. Methods of light interactions with matter
3.1.1. Absorption
3.1.1.1. Atomic absorption : E= E (electronic)
3.1.1.2. Molecular Absorption : E = E (electronic) + E (Vibrational) + E (rotational)
3.1.1.3. Beer's Law
3.1.2. Emmission and Luminescence
3.1.2.1. Luminescence : Emission of light
3.1.2.2. Fluorescence : Emission without a change in spin multiplicity. (S1 --> So)
3.1.2.3. Phosporescence : Emission with change spin multiplicity ( T1 ---> So)
3.1.3. Scattering