1. 1) Memory processors & Storage centers
1.1. 3 Key processing centers: ENCODING: involves forming a memory code. Ex: entering data through key board. MEMORY STORAGE: involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time. Ex: saving data in file on hard disk. MEMORY RETRIEVAL : involves recovering information from memory stores. Ex. calling up file and displaying data on monitor.
1.2. Meta-cognition: the process of understanding how you learn, and finally which strategies or techniques would be the most effective or best matched to learn the task.
1.3. The magic 7+- Theory states that immediate memory span is 7 items plus or minus 2 items. Average immediate memory span is between 5 and 9 chunks of information.
2. Four kinds of Encoding
2.1. Visual Encoding - Processes colors, brightness, shapes,
2.2. Linguistic Encoding - Processes auditory information and sounds. Letters, words, phrases, sentences, meanings, sounds, rhythms, pitch.
2.3. Kinesthetic Encoding _ Processes large muscle and small muscle movements. Actions performed by and or foot movements. Actions performed by full body movement.
2.4. Semantic Encoding - Processes general meanings of Basic knowledge, objects, o personal experiences. Ex. Episodic memories.
2.4.1. also called conceptual coding or abstract coding, process the general meaning of basic knowledge, objects, events, or personal events.
2.4.2. EXAMPLE: episodic memories, a memory of a specific experience (an episode) that induces specific details and emotions.
3. Three storage centers:
3.1. Sensory Input: 5 senses, touch, taste, sight, smell, sound
3.1.1. Sensory Memory: temporary storage center that retrieves and holds sensory input for 1 or 2 seconds
3.1.2. Short-Term Memory: Temporary storage center in working memory that receives information from the sensory center and briefly holds that information for further processing or encoding.
3.1.2.1. Limited Duration : STM holds stimuli for 30 seconds or less. You have very little time to encode and process the information.
3.1.2.2. Limited Capacity: STM hold the process and average of seven items or chunks of information at one time. You cannot process large amount of information at one time or in the short period of time available.
3.1.3. Selective attention: the process of focusing on or attending to specific stimuli that are important to process further.
3.2. Working memory
3.2.1. Encoding: the process of attaching specific codes to stimuli so that long-term memory can process, categorize , and store them for later use and retrieval.
3.3. Long-Term Memory: a permanent storage center that holds chunk of information received from working memory.
3.3.1. LMT has unlimited capacity, it never runs out of storage space.
3.3.2. encoded information is imprinted into LMT so that it becomes permanent, but not necessarily always accessible.Variables such as injury, medications, stress, anxiety or partial encoding can block access to the imprinted information,
3.3.3. information is categorized and organized, not randomly scattered though long-term memory.
3.3.4. SCHEMA: are sets of memories or clusters of related information that form large concepts or frameworks to which other related ideas, facts and other details can be attached.
3.3.5. as new information enters long-term memory and connects to existing schemas, the schemas expand and strengthen. Because the schemas include personal experiences or understanding of concepts, schemas among people will vary.
3.3.6. the number of schemas in a person's memory system is unlimited.
4. 2) The information processing model with working memory.
4.1. a cognitive model that consists of 3 memory centers, sensory memory, , working memory (which includes short-term memory) and long-term memory.
4.1.1. Working memory: referees to all cognitive processes or activities that occur the conscious mind.
4.2. OUTPUT: is some form of action, demonstration, or performance that shows that learning has taken place.
4.2.1. Recognition tasks: are a form of output that demonstrates your ability to retrieve specific information or details when some kind of prompt or clue is provided.
4.2.2. Recall tasks. are a form of output that demonstrates your ability to retrieve specific information or details imprinted in your LTM when no prompt or clue is provided.
5. 3) Process in working memory
5.1. 1. attitude, interest, intention. 2. elabroative rehearsal,3. multi-sensory processing, 4.selectivity, 5. self-quizzing and feedback, 6. association and retrieval cues, and 7.rehearsal time and pace.
5.1.1. 1. Attitude, interest, intention
5.1.1.1. declarative knowledge: )factual knowledge) information that includes facts, sets of details, definitions, concepts, events, or experiences.
5.1.1.2. procedural knowledge: (process knowledge) information that includes steps or processes used solve problems or create specific products with accuracy and speed.
5.1.2. 2. Elborative rehearsal: also called elaboration, is the process of thinking about, pondering or wondering with an encoding information in new ways.
5.1.3. 3. Multi-sensory strategies
5.1.3.1. visualization: is the process of using visual encoding to make pictures or movies in your mind.
5.1.3.2. recitation: the process of explaining information, clearly out loud on your own words, and in complete sentences without referring to printed materials
5.1.3.3. the look-away technique: involves looking at printed information and then looking away to recall and recite the details without any visual prompts.
5.1.4. 4. Selectivity: is the process of identifying and separating main ideas and important details from a larger body of information.
5.1.5. 5. Self-quizzing and Feedback: the process of testing yourself so you can receive feedback about the accuracy and completeness of your understanding
5.1.5.1. feedback: the process of verifying how accurately and thoroughly you have or have not learned specific information.
5.1.5.1.1. the feedback model: is a 5 step model that demonstrates whether or not learning has taken place.
5.1.5.1.2. Positive feedback: is a response that shows you accurately understand specific information.
5.1.5.1.3. Negative feedback: is a response that shows that you have limited or inaccurate understanding of specific information.
5.1.6. 6. Association and retrieval cues
5.1.6.1. Association: is the process of linking together two or more items or chunks of information to process into long-term memory
5.1.6.2. Paired association: are two items linked together in working memory and sent to long-term memory to be imprinted.
5.1.6.3. Retrieval: cues are forms of information used to conduct memory searches to locate information stored in long-term memory
5.1.7. 7. Rehearsal time and pace
5.1.7.1. the ability to comprehend and remember what you have studied diminished when you overload your memory system by trying to study too much information at once time (cramming) or by studying for too long a period of time (marathon studying)
5.1.7.2. as you process and rehearse information, work slowly enough to allow sufficient time to retrieve meanings and related information from long-term memory and return them to working memory.