1. Description
1.1. Purely phonetic features
1.1.1. Loudness
1.1.1.1. It is related to the amplitude of the vibration of the vocal cords.
1.1.1.2. Can distinguish meaning (stress).
1.1.2. Tone of voice
1.1.2.1. also called voice quality , tone quality or timbre
1.1.2.1.1. Difference in "color"
1.1.3. Duration and length
1.1.3.1. Refer to the spend of time during wich a sound is sustained
1.1.3.1.1. Duration is restricted for phonetics
1.1.4. Pitch
1.1.4.1. The pitch of a sound depends on the rate of vibration of the vocal cords.
1.1.4.2. Can be low or hight
1.1.5. Voicedness and voicelessness
1.1.5.1. voiced/voiceless contrast certainly distinguishes meaning.
1.1.6. Air-stream mechanism
1.1.6.1. All speech sound are made with some movement of air
1.1.6.2. All English sounds are produced by such an egressive pulmonic air-stream mechanism
1.2. Phonologically relevant features
1.2.1. Intensity of articulation
1.2.1.1. Voiced
1.2.1.1.1. Usually made relatively weak breath force
1.2.1.1.2. Little muscular tension
1.2.1.2. Voiceless
1.2.1.2.1. Made with
1.2.2. Place of articulation
1.2.2.1. English sounds
1.2.2.1.1. Made with
1.2.3. Manner of articulation
1.2.3.1. Type
1.2.3.1.1. Closure of the speech organs involved
1.2.3.2. Degree
1.2.3.2.1. The air-stream is obstructed
2. Production
2.1. Articulators
2.1.1. Pharynx
2.1.1.1. Back of the oral cavity
2.1.1.2. Beginning of the way (nasal cavity)
2.1.2. Soft Palate/Velum
2.1.2.1. Velar consonants
2.1.2.1.1. Example: gone /g/
2.1.3. Hard Palate
2.1.3.1. Palatal sounds
2.1.3.1.1. Example: yet /j/
2.1.4. Alveolar Ridge
2.1.4.1. Alveolar sounds
2.1.4.1.1. Example: tow /t/
2.1.5. Tongue
2.1.5.1. Soft palate
2.1.5.2. Alveolar ridge
2.1.5.3. Upper teeth
2.1.6. Teeth
2.1.6.1. Upper
2.1.6.2. Lower
2.1.6.3. Dental sounds
2.1.6.3.1. Example: thing /θ/
2.1.7. Lips
2.1.7.1. Bilabial
2.1.7.1.1. When lips are in contact with each other
2.1.7.2. Labiodental
2.1.7.2.1. When the lip is in contact with teeth
2.2. Vowels and consonants
2.2.1. Position of tongue
2.2.1.1. Distance between tongue and palate
2.2.1.1.1. Example: i, cat
2.2.1.2. Back vowel
2.2.1.2.1. Example: "calm"
2.2.1.3. Front vowel
2.2.1.3.1. Example: "cat"
2.2.2. Cardinal vowels
2.2.2.1. standard level of learning
2.2.2.1.1. Primary
2.2.2.1.2. Secondary
2.2.3. Lips
2.2.3.1. Rounded
2.2.3.1.1. The lips are brought towards each other and the lips pushed forwards
2.2.3.2. Spread
2.2.3.2.1. The lips moved away from each other
2.2.3.3. Neutral
2.2.3.3.1. The lips are not noticeably rounded or spread.
2.2.4. Short vowel
2.2.4.1. I : "bit"
2.2.4.2. ɛ : "men"
2.2.4.3. æ : "gas"
2.2.4.4. ʌ : "cut"
2.2.4.5. ɒ : "pot"
2.2.4.6. ʊ: is more open and nearer central "pull"
2.2.5. SCHWA
2.2.5.1. Short sound coming from the throat
2.2.5.1.1. Example: "about" "available" /ə/
2.2.6. Vocoids
2.2.6.1. Don't obstruct airflow
2.2.6.1.1. Example: "yet"
2.2.7. Contoids
2.2.7.1. Do obstruct airflow