Philosophies of Grading

1. Norm-Referenced

1.1. Grades based on peers

1.2. Only some students can get A's and some must fail.

2. Criterion-Referenced

2.1. All students can get A's and Succeed.

2.2. Student do well or poorly based on their own merit

3. Validity

3.1. Value

3.2. Appropriateness

4. Reliability

4.1. Internal Consistency

4.2. Interrater Reliability

5. Performance-Based

5.1. Letter grading

5.1.1. Decided by performance

5.1.2. Decided by improvement

6. Formative

6.1. Designed to give feedback during instruction

6.2. Not graded

7. Authentic

7.1. Realistic

8. Universal Test Design

8.1. Can be extended to grading

8.1.1. Grading rules and definition of grades should be applied to all students