1. Causatives
1.1. Let Have Get, Make
1.2. We use a causative verb when we want to talk about something that someone else did for us or for another person. It means that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn't do it themselves. Maybe they paid, or asked, or persuaded the other person to do it. For example, we can say:
1.2.1. I cleaned my house. (This means I cleaned it myself).
2. Comparatives
2.1. Er, Than,More
2.2. Regular one-syllable comparative adjectives end in -er. Most adjectives with two or more syllables are preceded by “more.” Of course, there are exceptions. Adjectives that end with -y, such as “pretty,” change the -y to i and receive an -er ending. Some other two-syllable adjectives, especially those that end with an unstressed vowel sound, take an -er ending. Finally, some adjectives have irregular forms, such as good (which becomes better) and far (which becomes farther).
2.2.1. Those girls are pretty, but intelligence matters more than beauty! Emma is more smarter than Felicity. However, Gina is more intelligent than Emma.
3. Superatives
3.1. Teh, Est, Most
3.2. When we use a superlative adjective ('the tallest student') before the noun, we generally use it with 'the'. This is because there's only one (or one group) of the thing we are talking about. There is one student who is the tallest in the class, and because it's clear to the listener which one we mean, we usually use 'the':
3.2.1. It's the best café in London. John and Lisa are the most intelligent students here. This bowl is the biggest one
4. Present Tenses
4.1. Present Simple
4.1.1. The simple present is a verb tense with two main uses. We use the simple present tense when an action is happening right now, or when it happens regularly (or unceasingly, which is why it’s sometimes called present indefinite). Depending on the person, the simple present tense is formed by using the root form or by adding ‑s or ‑es to the end.
4.1.1.1. I feel great! Pauline loves pie. I’m sorry to hear that you’re sick.
4.2. Present Continuos
4.2.1. The present continuous verb tense indicates that an action or condition is happening now, frequently, and may continue into the future. The Present Continuous Formula: to be [am, is, are] + verb [present participle]
4.2.1.1. Aunt Christine is warming up the car while Scott looks for his new leather coat. They are eating at Scott’s favorite restaurant today, Polly’s Pancake Diner.
4.3. Present Perfect
4.3.1. The present perfect tense refers to an action or state that either occurred at an indefinite time in the past (e.g., we have talked before) or began in the past and continued to the present time (e.g., he has grown impatient over the last hour). This tense is formed by have/has + the past participle.
4.3.1.1. I have walked on this path before. We have eaten the lasagna here.
4.4. Present Perfect Continuos
4.4.1. The present perfect continuous tense (also known as the present perfect progressive tense) shows that something started in the past and is continuing at the present time. The present perfect continuous is formed using the construction has/have been + the present participle (root + -ing).
4.4.1.1. I have been reading War and Peace for a month now.
5. Past Tenses
5.1. Past Simple
5.1.1. The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that happened or existed before now. Imagine someone asks what your brother Wolfgang did while he was in town last weekend
5.1.1.1. Wolfgang entered a hula hoop contest. He won the silver medal.
5.2. Past Continuos
5.2.1. The past continuous tense, also known as the past progressive tense, refers to a continuing action or state that was happening at some point in the past. The past continuous tense is formed by combining the past tense of to be (i.e., was/were) with the verb’s present participle (-ing word). There are many situations in which this verb tense might be used in a sentence. For example, it is often used to describe conditions that existed in the past.
5.2.1.1. The sun was shining every day that summer. As I spoke, the children were laughing at my cleverness.
5.3. Past Perfect
5.3.1. The past perfect, also called the pluperfect, is a verb tense used to talk about actions that were completed before some point in the past.
5.3.1.1. We were shocked to discover that someone had graffitied “Tootles was here” on our front door. We were relieved that Tootles had used washable paint.